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GI midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 functions of digestive system | ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
| Absorption | process by which the end products of digestion move across the walls of the digestive tract into the blood for distribution throughout the body |
| 4 layers of digestive tract | mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, serosa |
| Mucosa | innermost layer of the digestive tract and is composed of mucous membrane. Glands secrets mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones. |
| Submucosa | thick layer of loose connective tissue lies next to mucosa. It contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and lymphatic vessels. |
| Muscle layer | third layer. Two layers of smooth muscles are a inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layers. Responsible for several types of movements in the digestive tract. |
| Serosa | the outermost lining of the digestive tract. It extends to the peritoneal membranes |
| Peristalsis | a rhythmic alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles. It pushes the food through the digestive tract from one segment to the next |
| PHARYNX | or throat. It is involved in swallowing (deglutition) |
| 3 parts of pharyx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| ESOPHAGUS | the “food tube”. It carries the food from the pharynx to the stomach. Approximately 10 inches. |
| 2 esophageal spinchters | Pharyngoesophageal & Gastroesophageal sphincter |
| Pharyngoesophageal sphincter | located at the top of the esophagus |
| Gastroesophageal sphincter | or lower esophageal sphincter(LES) ; a thickening at the base of the esophagus |
| STOMACH | a pouchlike organ that lies in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm |
| 5 important digestive functions | secretion of gastric (stomach) juice; Secretion of gastric hormones & intrinsic factor; Regulation of the rate @ w/c partially digested food is delivered to sml intestine; Digestion of food; Absorption of small quantities of water and dissolved substances |
| Regions of the Stomach | fundus (top), body (middle) and pylorus (bottom) |
| Pyloric sphincter | located at the end of the pyloric canal and helps regulate the rate of which gastric contents are delivered to the small intestine. |
| Rugae | accordion like folds. It allows the stomach to expand. |
| Chyme | a thick, pastelike mixture is a creation of the stomach that churns and mixes the food with gastric juice |
| Glands of the stomach | mucus cells, chief cells, and parietal cells |
| chief cells | secretes digestive enzymes |
| parietal cells | secretees hcl acid |
| mucus cells | it secretes mucus |
| When the stomach is not working right | ulcer, hiatal hernia, nasogastric tube, gastric resection, pyloric stenosis, gastric hyperactivity |
| Nasogastric tube | to empty the stomach to prevent from vomiting |
| Gastric resection | require a surgical procedure to remove the stomach. |
| Pyloric stenosis | during infancy – projectile vomiting immediately after feeding. |
| SMALL INTESTINE | about 20 feet long. Located in the central and lower abdominal cavity and is held in place by the mesentery; concerned primarily with chemical digestion and the absorption of food |
| 3 parts of small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Duodenum | 1st segment. Means 12. Receives secretions from stomach, liver and gallbladder. Most digestion and absorption occurs here |
| Ileocecal valve | prevents the reflux of contents from the cecum back into the ileum |
| Peyer’s patches | lining of the ileum contains numerous patches of lymphoid tissue |
| villi | Functions of small intestine: forms circular folds with fingerlike projections |
| LARGE INTESTINE | about 5 feet long and extends from ileocecal valve to the anus |
| parts of large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal, anus |
| Appendix | attached to cecum. A wormlike structure that contains lymphocytes and is a source of immune cells |
| Functions of large intestine | Absorption of water and certain electrolytes; 2) Synthesis of certain vitamins by intestinal bacteria; 3) Temporary storage site of waste; 4) Elimination of waste from body. |
| liver functions | Synthesis of bile salts and secretion of bile; 2) Synthesis of plasma proteins; storage; detoxification; excretion; metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; phagocytosis |
| Hepatic bile ducts | where bile exists |
| Bile | greenish yellow secretion produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder |
| Biliary tree | ducts that connect the liver, gallbladder and duodenum |
| Common bile duct | carries bile from both the hepatic ducts (liver) and cystic ducts (gallbladder) to the duodenum. |
| Hepatopancreatic sphincter | encircles the base of the ampulla where it enters the duodenum. |
| Hepatopancreatic ampulla | after the common bile duct |
| GALLBLADER | a pear shaped sac attached to the underside of the liver |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | fat in the duodenum stimulates to release this hormone. It enters the bloodstream and circulates back to the gallbladder where it cause the smooth muscle of the gallbladder to contract |
| PANCREAS | accessory organ of digestion located just below the stomach. The head of the pancreas rests in the curve of the duodenum and the tail lies near the spleen in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity |
| PANCREAS | secretes an alkaline juice rich in bicarbonate where it neutralizes the highly acidic chime coming from the stomach into the duodenum. |
| When accessory digestive organs are not working right: | Jaundice; Bleeding; Portal hypertension and hemorrhage; Portal hypertension and ascites; Pancreatitis |
| Jaundice | if common bile duct is blocked with stones |
| Bleeding | since bile is necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, it causes diminished absorption of vitamin K. |
| Amylases | breaks the polysaccharide into disaccharides |
| Proteases | digests proteins |
| Lipases | digests fats |
| UPPER GI TRACT STUDY (BARIUM SWALLOW) | an examination of the upper gi tract under fluoroscopy after the client drinks barium sulfate. NPO after midight before the day of the test |
| LOWER GI TRACT STUDY (BARIUM ENEMA) | a flouroscopic and radiographic examination of the large intestine is performed afer rectal instillation of barium sulfate. May be done with or without air |
| GASTRIC ANALYSIS | requires passage of a nasogastric tube into the stomach to aspirate gastric contents for the analysis of acidity (PH), appearance, volume |
| UPPER GI ENDOSCOPY | following sedation, an endoscope is passed down the esophagus to view the gastric wall, sphincters and duodenum. Tissue specimens can be obtained |
| FIBEROPTIC COLONOSCOPY | study in which a lining of the large intestine is visually examined; biopsies and polypectomies can be performed |
| LIVER BIOPSY | a needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to the liver to obtain a tissue sample for biopsy and microscopic examination |
| STOOL SPECIMENS | black for blood that is in the stomach (higher portion);red for blood that is in the intestine (lower portion) |
| abdominal assessment | inspect, auscultate, percuss and palpate |
| PT (prothrombin time) | if elevated, prolonged bleeding time. Longer it takes for blood to clot |
| SMALL BOWEL SERIES XRAY WITH CONTRAST | 30 min intervals |
| LIVER | large, reddish-brown organ located at the mid and right upper abdominal cavity. It lies immediately below the diaphragm. The largest gland of the body. Has 2 main lobes: larger right main lobe and a smaller left lobe separated by a ligament. |
| capsule | liver is surrounded by this fibrous membrane |
Created by:
jekjes
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