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Pediatric Alteration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Peristalsis | coordinated, rhythmic, serial contraction of the smooth muscle of the GI tract, greater in infants than in the older child. |
| Pyloromyotomy | surgical procedure which is the treatment of choice in which the circular muscle fibers are released, opening the passage from the stomach into the duodenum |
| VACTERL | V- Vertebral defect A- Anorectal malformation C- Cardiac defects T- Tracheoesophageal fistula E- Esophageal atresia R- Renal anomalies L- Limb defects |
| Polyhydramnios | excessive amount of amniotic fluid and hx of this means high gastrointestinal obstruction. |
| Anastonosis | surgical connection of two tubular structures of the two ends of the esophagus in tx of tracheoesophageal fistula |
| enterocolitis | inflammation of the small intestine and colon |
| insufflation | blowing into a cavity, such as an air enama which is believed to be safer than bowl perforation |
| fecalith | fecal matter that becomes petrified and stone'like, calculi, tumors, parasites, and foreign bodies |
| Guarding | involuntary contraction of abdominal muscles caused by fear of impending pain |
| Rebound tenderness | describes a sensation of sever pain that occurs after deep pressure is applied and released and is indicative of peritonitis |
| Crystalluria | crystals in the urine which is a side effect from sulfasalazine (azulfidine |
| melana | black or tarry stool indicating presence of blood |
| hematemesis | vomiting of blood |
| hydrolyze | to cause a substance to break down into its component parts by adding water |
| pneumatosis intestinalis | gas or air in the bowel wall, causing the bowel to become edematous and distended |
| gastric residulas | feeding retained in stomach following tube feeding |
| pneumoperitoneum | free air in the peritoneal cavity or air in the portal circulation indicate sever disease and performation of the bowel |
| steatorrhea | adbominal distention and chronic diarrhea appear with large amounts of unabsorbed fats being extreted in the stools |
| decontamination | decreasing absorption of the ingested poison from the GI tract |
| retractions | inward motion of the muscles of the chest wall during inspiration |
| suppurative | pus forming around tissues due to untreated streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis infections |
| effusion | accululation of fluid such as in the middle ear or pleural cavity |
| Tympanostomy | surgical incision in the tympanic membrane for draining fluid |
| stridor | high-pitched sound producted by an obstruction of the trachea or larynx that can be heard during inspiration of expiration heard during croup |
| hypoxia | decreased oxygen to body tissue |
| wheezing | high-pitched musical sound produced by air flow through a narrowed airway |
| nebulizer | produces spray or mist with the forcing of air through a liquid |
| nasal flaring | the widening of nostrils furing inspiration, indications air hunger |
| atelectasis | collapseof lung tissue |
| crackles | an adventitious lung sounds caused when air passes over airway secretions or collapsed airways are suddenly opened |
| ventilation-perfusion raio | ratio of alveolar ventilation to capillary perfusion |
| dyspnea | SOB or difficulty in breathing |
| orthopnea | increase in difficulty breathing when lying flat |
| bronchiectasis | lung condition characterized by irrecersible dilation and destruction of the broncial walls |
| cor pulmonale | right-sided heart failure |
| hemoptysis | coughing up blood from the respiratory tract |
| hypercapnia | excess of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| fibrosis | the repair and replacement of injured or infected tissue with scar tissue |
| empyema | accumulation of infected fluid in a body cavity |
| extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) | device that oxygenates the blood outside the body |
| myocardium | the cardiac muscle; middle layer of the heart |
| hypercyanotic spells | extreme cyanosis that results in a deep blue or purple color of the entire body |
| sycope | fainting |
| palpitations | sensation of abnormal heart beats |
| dysmorphic | abnormal or unusual |
| hepatomegaly | liver enlargement |
| pulsus paradoxus | excessive variations in systolic pressure with respiration |
| tamponade | accumulation of fluid around heart that restricts filling of heart |
| pericardial effusion | collection of fluid in pericardial sac that can lead to tamponade |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart muscles resulting in poor pump function |
| endocarditis | infection of the inner lining of the heart |
| tachyarrhythmias | abnormally fast heart rates |
| bradyarrhythmias | abnormally slow heart rates |
| hypertrophy | becomes abnormally thick |
| intropes | medications that are directed at improving contractility |
| DiGeorge syndrome | congenital syndrome associated with hypoplasia or aplasia of the thymus and parathyroid gland |
| Erythrocytosis | an adaptive mechanism in which red cell production is increased in an attempt to compensate for decreased oxygen delivery, leading to an increase in hematocrit |
| valvuloplasty | involves using a balloon-tipped plasty catheter to dilate a cardiac valve (the pulmonary) |
| valvotomy | incision into a cardiac valve to correct a defect if a valvuloplasty cannot be done. |
| hyperpnea | deep, rapid respirations |
| palliative | procedure releives or reduces the symptoms or a cardiac defect but does not correct the defect |
| retrograde | bachward |
| atrial septostomy | balloon-tipped catheter is through the PFO to the left atrium |
| Glenn shunt | bicaval anastomosis, procedure the superior vena cava is disconnected from the RA and sutured directly to the RPA |
| arrythmias | abnormal heart rhythm |
| pharyngitis | sore throat |
| polyarthritis | large joints with mild or severe pain that the child is unable to bear weight. |
| valvulitis | inflammation of the heart valves |
| carditis | inflammation of the heart |
| vasculitis | inflammation of the blood vessels |
| ectasia | larger than normal for age |
| pancarditis | inflammation of entire heart |
| erythematous | diffuse redness |
| lymphadenopathy | unilateral cervical swollen lymph nodes |
| bacteremia | bacteria in the blood |
| endocardium | serous inner membrane of the heart |
| vegetations | abnormal growths, contributing to inflammation |
| synchronized cardioversion | uses the defibrillator to produce an electrical shock to convert the arrhythmia to sinus rhythm. child must be NPO 3-6 hours prior to treatment, and MUST BE well sedated as this is VERY painful. |
| maldistribution | abnormal distribution (maldistributive shock is maldistribution of blood flow secondary to vasomotor instability or capilarry leak. |
| cardomegaly | heart is larger than normal |
| RBCs | fcn is to supply the tissues of the body with oxygen |
| hemoglobin | oxygen-carrying protein |
| WBC | fcn is to defend against microorganisms and remove debris |
| platelets | disk-shaped cytoplasnic fragments, not considered cells |
| anemia | not a disease, a term used to describe decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood caused by an underlying disease or injury |
| erythropoiesis | production of RBCs |
| hemolysis | destruction of RBCs |
| iron deficiency anemia | most common hematology disorder of infancy and childhood |
| ferritin | dietary iron in the small intestine and either passed into the bloodstream or stored in the intestinal epithelial cells as this. |
| transferrin | iron in the bloodstream binds to the iron-transport molecule called this |
| sickle-cell anemia | one of the three disorders that fall under sickle cell disease, presence of Hb S (sickle hemoglobin) |
| vaso-occlusive crisis | aggregation of sickled cells within a vessel, causing obstruction |
| hand-foot syndrome | tender, warm, and swolled hands, feet, or both)typically the first manifestation of SCA in infants |
| sequestration crisis | excessive pooling of blood in the liver and spleen. the decreased blood volume results in shock and this type can cause fatal cardiovascular collapse, because the spleen is capable of holding as much as 1/5 of the body's blood volume |
| aplastic crisis | occurs when there is a decrease in erythropoiesis. it is precipitated by an infection with human parovirus B19. it is self-limited byt highly contagious and warrants isolation from persons vulnerable to infection |
| enuresis | urinary incontinence |
| streptococcus pneumoniae infection | single most common cause of death in children with SCA due to the fact that the spleen is damaged and cannot destroy bacteria in the blood, leaving the child immunocompromised |
| beta-thalassemia major | aka Cooley's anemia. assoc. with life-threatening form of anemia requiring blood transfusions and ongoing medical care. |
| erythropoietin | hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs. |
| hyperplasia | abnormal proliferation |
| hemosiderosis | iron overload due to repeated transfusions; excess iron is stored as hemosiderin in the cells of many organs and tissues, part. in the liver and heart. iron in the tissues and organs is toxic, and can eventually lead to organ failure and death. |
| chelating agent | drug used to either prevent or reverse the toxic effects of a heavy metal or to accelerate the elimination of the metal from the body. Desferal (chelating agent) binds to the iron and aids in removing it from the tissues. adin. 5-7 times a week for 12 hrs |
| aplastic anemia | injury toor abnormal expression of the stem cells in the bone marrow results in the production of inadequeate numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
| fanconi's anemia | FA; rare autosomal recessive disorder that develops early in life and is accompained by multiple congenital abnorm. |
| pancytopenia | all three types of blood cells are either decreased or absent |
| hemostasis | control of bleeding |
| fibrin | protein that is formed through a series of reactions called the coagulation cascade (involves many blood clotting factors initiated by damage to tissues or vessel walls) |
| hemophilia A | classic, caused by a deficiency of factor VIII |
| hemophilia B | Christmas disease, caused by a deficiency in factor XI |
| hemophilia C | least common, facot XI deficiency. all types inpair the body's ability to control bleeding and can result in fatal hemorrhage!! |
| hemarthrosis | bleeding into the joints |
| hematoma | pockets of blood under the skin caused by excessive bleeding following trauma |
| epistaxis | nose bleed |
| Von willebrand's disease | most common congenital disorder or homeostasis |
| von willebrand's factor (vWF) | protein that facilitates adhesion btw platelets and injured vessels, in the genetic disorder they are either deficient or defective. |
| ecchymoses | bruises |
| menorrhagia | abnormally long and heavy menstrual bleeding |
| Thrombocytopenia | decrease in the platelet count below 150,000mm3 |
| purpuras | areas of blood underneath the skin or mucous membranes |
| immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | autoimmune disorder char. by low platelet counts and exagerrated bleeding |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | coagulation disorder in which the stimulus for coagulation overwhelms the control mechanisms that normally confine coagulation to the area of bleeding |
| highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) | antiretroviral drugs, such as zidovudine and epivir, used to treat HIV or AIDS; admin. during pregnancy and delivery or during the neonatal period |
| angioedema | swelling of the skin, subc, or submucosal tissues |
| macolopapular rashes | common subc reaction to cutaneous reactions o an antigen; symmetric, char. by macules or papules |
| contact dermatitis | delayed type hypersensitivity and occurs with meds applied directly to the skin |
| anaphlylaxis | acute, life-threatehing reaction with diffuse erythema, uticaria, angioedema, pruritis, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, hyperperistalsis, hypotension, or cardiac dysrhythmias |
| erythema multiforme | may be caused by drugs in 10-20% of cases, may include target lesions. erythematous, maculopapular, vesicular, erticarial rash |
| Stevens; Johnson syndrome | most sever form of erythema multiforme. includes mucosal and conjunctival lesions, epidermal loss of 10% or less of the BSA |
| toxic epidermal necrolysis | acute illness of fever, epidermal loss of more than 30% or hte BSA |
| tropic hormones | they cause target tissues or organs to produce hormones |
| glycogenolysis | glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose |
| dyshormonogenesis | inborn error of thyroid hormone sythesis |
| virilize | develop sexual char. of a male |
| glyconeogenesis | fixation of glycogen from noncarbohydrate sources |
| proteolysis | protein breakdown |
| lipolysis | fat breakdown |
| polyphagia | excessive hunger |
| Kussmaul respirations | deep, slow, labored breathing |
| lipoatrophy | indentation or atrophy of subc fat |
| liprhypertrophy | lumbiness or hypertrophy of subc fat |
| Chvostek's sign | elicited by tapping the facial nerve which produces a facial muscle spasm |
| trousseau's sign | carpopedal spasm that results from oxygen deficiency |
| glomerular filtration rate | reaches adult level by 2 years old. so ability to concentrate urine in not well developed in newborn for several months and esp. in premature infants |
| pyuria | white blood cells in the urine show UTI, along with bacteriuria |
| hydronephrosis | abnormal swelling in the kidney |
| cystogram | radiograph of bladder, urethra, and ureters |
| voiding cystourethrogram | radiograph of bladder, ureters, and urethra while voiding |
| trigone | small triangular area at the base of the bladder where ureters normally join the bladder |
| dialysis | treatment that acts as a filtration system outside the body to rid the body of waste products |
| processus vaginalis | fold of peritoneum that precedes the testicle as it descends through the inguinal canal into the scrotum |
| incarceration | strangulation of a portion of the bowel leading to circulation impairment and tissue necrosis |
| hypoalbuminemia | low levels of albumin in the bloOD |
| ANURIC | WITHOUT urine output |
| hemodialysis | hemofiltration system that occurs outside the body. which can no longer be filtered effectively through the kidneys |
| peritoneal dialysis | requires the placement of a catheter into the peritoneal cavity for the purposes of removing excess fluis, solutes, nitrogenous wastes |
| hemofiltration | continuous form of dialysis. |
| uremia | condition where toxic nitrogenous waste products, blood urea, and creatinine buildup in the system |
| jgraft versus host disease | occurs when the transplanted organ fights against the host, creating an exaggerated immune responce to rid the body of the foreign organ. can be life-threatening |
| bifid | spilt into two |
| diaphysis | shaft of the long bone |
| epiphysis | proximal and distal ends of the long bone |
| metaphysis | section of the long bone in which the diaphysis and epiphysis converge, responsible for growth until the chil'd adult height is obtained |
| osteoblastic activity | bone formation |
| osteoclastic activity | resorption of the old bony tissue by osteoclasts |
| epiphyseal growth plate | thin layer of cartilage located between the metaphysis and the epiphysis at the end of the long bone, vascular area of the active cell division |
| sprain | stretching or tearing of a ligament from injury to a joint |
| strain | stretching or tearing of either a muscle or tendon form overuse, overstretching, or misuse |
| contusion | occurs when there is damage to soft tissue, subc structures, small vessels, and muscles, yet the integrity of the skin is not disrupted.. most common in sports activities. |
| RICE treatment | used for sprains and strains. rest- stay off it for several hours to several days depending on severity.. ice- 30 min on, 15 mins off. compression- elastic wrap and elevation!- with or above the level of the heart... immediately after the injury. |
| contusion treatment | during first 24-48 hours, apply ice to the bruise at least 3 times a day for 15-20 minutes, elevate the affected extremity higher than the heart, wrap the contused area with an elastic or Ace bandage. |
| pain medications used for sprain strain to contusion | Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or Ibuprofen (Advil). mild sprains also meed ace bandage for support. moverate and severe (w/ torn ligaments) may require casting or bracing for several weeks complete ligament tearing may require surgery stretch ad strengthen! |
| dislocation | displacemetn of two bone ends or of a bone from its articulation with a joint |
| subluxation | incomplete or partial dislocation of the articular surfaces of a joint |
| nuremaid's elbow | dislocation of the elbow, subluxation of the radial head (typically occurs in children <5years old) |
| callus | tissue mass that forms at the fracture site in order to connect the two ends of the fracture |
| crepitus | grating sound heard on movements of the end of a broken bone |
| closed reduction | 1 of tx method4fractures-algmnt of bones by manual manip. or traction. majority of fractures can be handled this way.immobilization after reduction's necessary 2 reduce pain,2 prevent rotation at fracture site,2 maintain position by preventing displacmnt |
| open reduction | surgical alignment of the bone using wires, pins, bone screws, plates. immobilization after reduction is necessary to reduce pain, to prevent rotation at the fracture site, to maintain the position by preventing displacement or angulation until bony union |
| begin at page 1146 "casting" |
Created by:
Sarahmarie001
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