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Nursing III vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (15)acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | end stage of chronic HIV infection; a syndrome involving a defect in cell-mediated immunity that has a long incubation period and is manifested by various opportunistic infections and cancers. |
| (50)acromegaly | a condition caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone characterized by an overgrowth of the bones and soft tissues. |
| (15)acute HIV infections | initial stage of HIV infection; occurs 1 to 3 weeks after infection and is typically manifested by a flulike syndrome of fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, headache, malaise, nausea, muscle and joint pain, diarrhea, and/or a diffuse rash. |
| (44)acute pancreatitis | an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas caused by autodigestion and marked by symptoms of acute abdomen and escape of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic tissues. |
| (47)acute renal failure | clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decline in renal function with progressive azotemia and increasing levels of serum creatinine. |
| (47)acute tubular necrosis (ATN) | a type of intrarenal acute renal failure affecting the renal tubules caused by renal ischemia and nephrotoxic injury. |
| (48)aldosterone | a potent mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex that maintains extracellular fluid volume. |
| (40)anorexia nervosa | a disorder characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea, emotional disturbance concerning body image, and fear of becoming obese. |
| (48)antidiuretic hormone | a hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that regulates fluid volume by stimulating reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. |
| (44)ascites | an abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes as a result of portal hypertension. |
| (44)asterixis | flapping tremor (liver flap) commonly affecting the arms and hands that is a manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy. |
| (47)automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) | dialysis machine that controls the fill, dwell, and drain phases, and cycles four to eight exchanges per night with 1 to 2 hours per exchange. |
| (47)azotemia | an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. |
| (15)bacteria | small unicellular organisms that are characterized by shape. |
| (40)body mass index (BMI) | a clinical index of obesity or altered body fat distribution using weight/height ratios. |
| (40)bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by frequent binge eating and self-induced vomiting associated with loss of control over eating and a persistent concern with body image. |
| (25)burn | an injury to the tissues of the body caused by heat, chemicals, electrical current, or radiation. |
| (48)calcitonin | a hormone produced by the thyroid gland in response to high circulating calcium levels; acts to reduce the blood level of calcium and to inhibit bone resorption. |
| (46)calculus | an abnormal stone formed in body tissues by an accumulation of mineral salts. |
| (48)catecholamines | sympathomimetic compounds composed of a catechol molecule and an amine from the amino acid tyrosine; include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. |
| (40)central parenteral nutrition | delivery of a nutritionally adequate hypertonic solution consisting of glucose, crystalline amino acids, fat emulsion, minerals, and vitamins using a central venous route. |
| (25)chemical burns | tissue injury and destruction from necrotizing substances. |
| (44)cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder. |
| (44)cholelithiasis | stones in the gallbladder. |
| (47)chronic kidney disease | presence of kidney damage for @ least 3 mons w/functional or structural abnormalities,w/ or w/o dec glomerular filtration rate; can also be a glomerular filtration rate of < 60 ml/min/1.732m2for more than 3 months, with or without damage to the kidney. |
| (44)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | progressive destruction of the pancreas with fibrotic replacement of pancreatic tissue. |
| (44)cirrhosis | chronic progressive disease of the liver characterized by extensive degeneration and destruction of the liver parenchymal cells. |
| (47)continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) | dialysis carried out manually by exchanging 1.5 to 3 L of peritoneal dialysate usually four times daily with dwell times of 4 to 10 hours; an indwelling catheter permits fluid to drain into and out of the peritoneal cavity by gravity. |
| (47)continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) | means by which solutes and fluids can be removed slowly and continuously in the hemodynamically unstable patient; usually used to treat acute renal failure. |
| (48)corticosteroid | any one of the glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, or androgen hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that influence or control key processes of the body. |
| (48)cortisol | the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland. |
| (45)costovertebral angle | one of two angles that outline a space over the kidneys that is formed by the rib cage and the vertebral column. |
| (45)creatinine | waste product produced by muscle breakdown commonly found in blood, urine, and muscle tissue; measured in blood and urine tests as an indicator of kidney function. |
| (50)cretinism | hypothyroidism that develops in infancy. |
| (25)cultured epithelial autograft | skin grafts grown from biopsy specimens obtained from the patient's own skin. |
| (50)Cushing's syndrome | a metabolic disorder resulting from the chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex or by the administration of glucocorticoids in large doses for several weeks or longer. |
| (46)cystitis | an inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder, characterized by pain, urgency and frequency of urination, and hematuria. |
| (25)debridement | removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound or a burn to prevent infection and promote healing. |
| (50)diabetes insipidus | a group of conditions associated with a deficiency of production or secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or a decreased renal response to ADH caused by injury of the neurohypophyseal system. |
| (47)dialysis | technique in which substances move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane and into a dialysis solution; used to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances and to remove waste products in renal failure. |
| (25)electrocardiogram | injury caused by intense heat generated from an electric current resulting in coagulation necrosis. |
| (15)emerging infection | an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years or threatens to increase in the immediate future. |
| (47)end-stage renal disease (ESRD) | last stage of kidney disease occurring when the GFR is less than 5% to 10% of normal or when creatinine clearances are less than 15 ml/min. |
| (40)enteral nutrition | the administration of a nutritionally balanced liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum. |
| (25)enzymatic debridement | removal of damaged tissue and cellular debris from a wound or burn using nonirritating, nontoxic agents that liquefy necrotic tissue. |
| (25)escharotomy | incisions into neurotic tissue from a severe burn performed when eschar formation compromises circulation. |
| (44)esophageal varices | distended, tortuous, fragile veins at the lower end of the esophagus that result from portal hypertension. |
| (50)excitability | protrusion of the eyeballs from the orbits caused by increased fat deposits and fluid in the retroorbital tissues. |
| (25)external otitis | procedure during which eschar is removed down to the subcutaneous tissue or fascia, depending on the degree of injury; a graft is then placed on clean, viable tissue to achieve good adherence. |
| (25)full-thickness burn | destruction of all skin elements and subcutaneous tissues, with possible involvement of muscles, tendons, and bones. |
| (44)fulminant hepatic failure | a clinical syndrome characterized by severe impairment of liver function associated with hepatic encephalopathy; also referred to as acute liver failure. |
| (15)fungi | an eukaryotic organism that feeds by absorbing organic molecules from its surroundings. |
| (15)fusion | the joining of multiple entities into one, such as the movement of a virus through receptor sites into a cell. |
| (44)gastric varices | a complex of tortuous veins located in the upper portion (cardia, fundus) of the stomach. |
| (45)glomerular filtration rate | the amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli in a given time; average is 125 ml/min with 1 ml/min excreted as urine. |
| (46)glomerulonephritis | an immune-related inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production, and edema. |
| (45)glomerulus | component of the nephron that is a tuft of up to 50 capillaries where blood is filtered across the semipermeable membrane into Bowman's capsule. |
| (48)glucagon | a hormone synthesized and released from pancreatic α-cells in response to low levels of blood glucose, protein ingestion, and exercise. |
| (50)goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland that may be associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or normal thyroid function. |
| (46)Goodpasture syndrome | ex.of cytotoxic(typeII)autoimmune disease, chara.by presence of circulating antibodies against glomerular &alveolar basement membrane,usually assoc w/glomerulonephritis & chara.by cough w/hemoptysis,dyspnea,anemia,progressive renal failure |
| (50)Graves' disease | an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology marked by diffuse thyroid enlargement and excessive thyroid hormone secretion. |
| (48)growth hormone | an anterior pituitary hormone that affects the growth and development of skeletal muscles and long bones affecting a person's size and height. |
| (47)hemodialysis | dialysis that uses an artificial membrane (usually made of cellulose-based or synthetic materials) as the semipermeable membrane through which the patient's blood circulates; impurities or wastes are removed from the blood. |
| (44)hepatic encephalopathy | changes in neurologic and mental function resulting from high levels of ammonia in the blood that a damaged liver cannot detoxify. |
| (44)hepatitis | inflammation of the liver. |
| (44)hepatorenal syndrome | a serious complication of cirrhosis characterized by functional renal failure with advancing azotemia, oliguria, and intractable ascites. |
| (48)hormone | a chemical substance synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and secreted directly into the blood, where it is circulated to specific target tissues. |
| (15)human immunodeficiency virus | a retrovirus that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). |
| (46)hydronephrosis | dilation or enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces resulting from obstruction in the lower urinary tract with backflow of urine to the kidney. |
| (46)hydroureter | dilation of the renal pelvis caused by backflow of urine. |
| (50)hyperaldosteronism | excessive aldosterone secretion caused by an adenoma of the adrenal zona glomerulosa or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. |
| (25)hypermetabolic state | an increase in resting metabolic expenditure of 50% to 100% above normal; often found in burn patients. |
| (50)hyperparathyroidism | a condition involving increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) resulting in increased serum calcium levels. |
| (50)hyperthyroidism | a clinical syndrome where there is a sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. |
| (50)hypoparathyroidism | a condition of insufficient secretion of the parathyroid glands; caused by primary parathyroid dysfunction or by elevated serum calcium level. |
| (50)hypopituitarism | a rare disorder that involves a decrease in one or more of the pituitary hormones and marked by excessive deposits of fat and persistence or acquisition of adolescent characteristics; serum levels of pituitary hormones are lower than normal. |
| (50)hypothyroidism | insufficient circulation of thyroid hormones resulting in a hypometabolic state. |
| (46)ileal conduit | most commonly performed incontinent urinary diversion procedure, in which ureters are implanted into part of ileum or colon that has been resected from intestinal tract and abdominal stoma is created. |
| (48)insulin | an anabolic hormone secreted by the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that is the principal regulator of the metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
| (15)integrase | an enzyme used by retroviruses to splice itself to a genome. |
| (46)interstitial cystitis | chronic, painful inflammatory disease of the bladder, believed to be associated with an autoimmune or allergic response, and characterized by severe bladder and pelvic pain, urinary frequency, and urgency. |
| (45)intravenous pyelogram (IVP) | diagnostic study using an IV contrast medium that is excreted through the urinary system used to examine the structure and function of the urinary system. |
| (48)islets of Langerhans | the hormone-secreting portion of the pancreas that includes α-, β-, and δ-cells that produce insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide. |
| (44)jaundice | symptom of yellowish discoloration of body tissues that results from an increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood. |
| (40)kwashiorkor | a type of protein-calorie malnutrition caused by a deficiency of protein intake that is superimposed on a catabolic stress event, such as a GI obstruction, a surgical procedure, cancer, a malabsorption syndrome, or an infectious disease. |
| (46)lithotripsy | the use of sound waves to break renal stones into small particles that can be eliminated from the urinary tract. |
| (40)malabsorption syndrome | a complex of symptoms resulting from disorders in the intestinal absorption of nutrients, characterized by anorexia, weight loss, abdominal bloating, muscle cramps, bone pain, and steatorrhea. |
| (40)malnutrition | an excess, deficit, or imbalance in the essential components of a balanced diet. |
| (40)marasmus | a type of protein-calorie malnutrition resulting from a concomitant deficiency of both caloric and protein intake leading to generalized loss of body fat and muscle. |
| (50)myxedema | the progression of the mental sluggishness, drowsiness, and lethargy of hypothyroidism to a notable impairment of consciousness or coma that is a medical emergency. |
| (48)negative feedback | a hormone regulating mechanism in which there is a decrease or increase in hormone synthesis and secretion in response to a stimulus. |
| (46)nephrolithiasis | the formation of stones in the urinary tract. |
| (45)nephron | the functional unit of the kidney. |
| (46)nephrosclerosis | a vascular disease of the kidney characterized by sclerosis of the small arteries and arterioles of the kidney resulting in renal tissue necrosis. |
| (46)nephrotic syndrome | an abnormal condition of the kidney characterized by peripheral edema, massive proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia; may occur in a severe primary form or secondary to many systemic diseases. |
| (44)nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | a group of disorders that is characterized by hepatic steatosis (accumulation of fat in the liver) that is not associated with other causes such as hepatitis, autoimmune disease, or alcohol. |
| (40)nutrition | process by which the body uses food for energy, growth, and maintenance and repair of body tissues. |
| (47)oliguria | < 400 ml of urine in 24 hours. |
| (15)opportunistic disease | infections and cancers that occur in immunosuppressed patients that can lead to disability, disease, and death. |
| (15)oral hairy leukoplakia | an Epstein-Barr virus infection that causes painless, white, raised lesions on the lateral aspect of the tongue. |
| (40)overnutrition | the ingestion of more food than is required for body needs, as in obesity. |
| (48)oxytocin | a hormone that stimulates ejection of milk into mammary ducts and contraction of uterine smooth muscle. |
| (44)paracentesis | a procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a cavity of the body. |
| (48)parathyroid hormone | a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that acts to maintain a constant concentration of calcium in the extracellular fluid; stimulates bone resorption. |
| (40)parenteral nutrition | the administration of nutrients by a route (e.g., bloodstream) other than the GI tract. |
| (25)partial-thickness burn | varying degrees of epidermal and dermal skin injury in which some skin elements remain viable for regeneration. |
| (40)peripheral parenteral nutrition | nutrients administered through a peripherally inserted catheter or vascular access device, which uses a large peripheral vein. |
| (47)peritoneal dialysis | dialysis with the use of the peritoneal membrane as the semipermeable membrane; performed to correct an imbalance of fluid or of electrolytes in the blood or to remove toxins, drugs, or other wastes normally excreted by the kidney. |
| (50)pheochromocytoma | a rare condition characterized by a tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces excessive catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) causing persistent or intermittent hypertension. |
| (46)polycystic kidney disease | a genetic kidney disorder in which the cortex and the medulla are filled with thin-walled cysts that enlarge and destroy surrounding tissue. |
| (44)portal hypertension | increased venous pressure in the portal circulation caused by compression and destruction of the portal and hepatic veins and sinusoids resulting in splenomegaly, large collateral veins, ascites, systemic hypertension, and esophageal varices. |
| (15)postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) | treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy on exposure to HIV-infected fluids. |
| (15)protease | a type of enzyme necessary for completion of HIV replication within a cell. |
| (40)protein-calorie malnutrition | the most common form of undernutrition; caused by a lack of adequate calories and proteins to meet the body's needs. |
| (15)protozoa | free-living, unicellular organisms that ingest food. |
| (46)pyelonephritis | a diffuse pyogenic infection of the renal parenchyma and collecting system. |
| (45)renal arteriogram | diagnostic study performed by injecting contrast media into a renal artery to visualize the renal blood vessels. |
| (46)renal artery stenosis | a partial occlusion of one or both renal arteries and their major branches; a major cause of abrupt onset hypertension. |
| (45)renal biopsy | procedure to obtain renal tissue for examination to determine renal disease; usually performed percutaneously with a biopsy needle. |
| (47)renal osteodystrophy | syndrome of skeletal changes found in chronic kidney disease as a result of alterations in calcium and phosphate metabolism; characterized by uneven bone growth and demineralization. |
| (45)retrograde pyelogram | radiologic technique for examining the structures of the collecting system of the kidneys that is especially useful in locating a urinary tract obstruction. |
| (15)retrovirus | RNA viruses that replicate in a "backward" manner (going from RNA to DNA). |
| (15)reverse transcriptase | enzyme that is present in retroviruses; allows for synthesis of DNA from RNA. |
| (15)seroconversion | a change in serologic test results from negative to positive as antibodies develop in reaction to an infection or vaccine. |
| (25)smoke and inhalation injuries | damage to the tissues of the respiratory tract resulting from the inhalation of hot air or noxious chemicals. |
| (44)spider angiomas | small, dilated blood vessels with a bright-red center point the size of a pinhead from which small blood vessels radiate. |
| (46)stricture | an abnormal temporary or permanent narrowing of the lumen of a hollow organ, such as the esophagus, pylorus of the stomach, ureter, or urethra; caused by inflammation, external pressure, or scarring. |
| (48)target tissue | the body tissue or organ that the hormone affects. |
| (25)thermal burn | injury caused by flame, flash, scald, or contact with hot objects; the most common type of burn. |
| (50)thyroiditis | an inflammation of the thyroid gland that may cause hyperthyroid or hypothyroid manifestations. |
| (50)thyrotoxic crisis | an acute, rare condition in which all hyperthyroid manifestations are heightened. |
| (50)thyrotoxicosis | a hypermetabolic state caused by excessive circulating levels of T4, T3, or both; also referred to as thyrotoxic crisis, thyroid storm, or hyperthyroid crisis. |
| (48)thyroxine (T4) | the most abundant thyroid hormone that influences metabolic rate; accounts for 90% of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland; converted to T3 in the periphery. |
| (48)triiodothyronine (T3) | hormone produced by the thyroid gland; regulates growth and development, helps control metabolism and body temperature, and acts to inhibit the secretion of thyrotropin by the pituitary gland. |
| (48)tropic hormone | a hormone secreted by one gland that stimulates another gland to synthesize and secrete its hormones (i.e., thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete thyroid hormones). |
| (40)tube feeding | the administration of a nutritionally balanced liquefied food or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum. |
| (40)undernutrition | a state of poor nourishment as a result of inadequate diet or diseases that interfere with normal appetite and assimilation of ingested food. |
| (47)uremia | the presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; renal function declines to the point that symptoms develop in multiple body systems. |
| (46)urethritis | inflammation of the urethra. |
| (45)urinalysis | analysis of urine for color, pH, specific gravity, osmolality, and normal and abnormal constituents. |
| (46)urinary incontinence | an uncontrolled leakage of urine as a result of cerebral clouding and/or physical factors that make it difficult to get to the bathroom facilities on time. |
| (46)urinary retention | the inability to empty the bladder despite micturition or the accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate. |
| (46)urosepsis | urinary tract infection that has spread into the systemic circulation; life-threatening condition requiring emergency treatment. |
| (15)viral load | quantity of viral particles in a biologic sample. |
| (15)viremia | large amounts of virus in the blood, resulting from initial infection with a virus. |
| (15)virus | a minute, parasitic organism that has no independent metabolic activity and may only replicate within a cell of a living plant or animal host. |
| (15)window period | period of 2 months after infection during which an infected individual will not test HIV-antibody positive. |
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