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NPP Unit 7
Nutrition, Pain, Sensory Perception, The Surgical Client
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Digestion | When the body breaks down food into simple substances that can be used as nutrients or excreted as waste |
| Peristalsis | Involuntary muscle contractions that occur throughout the digestive system that move food along the pathway to be digested. |
| Esophagus | Organ responsible for moving food from the mouth to the stomach |
| Stomach | Organ that holds food and uses acids and enzymes to digest food. |
| Liver | Removes toxins from the blood and produces bile, which breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats |
| Gallbladder | Stores bile and then releases it when the body needs it. |
| Pancreas | Aides in the metabolism of sugar by producing insulin. |
| Small Intestine | Where food is broken down and the majority of the nutrients are absorbed |
| Large Intestine | Removes electrolytes and water from food while turning it into waste. |
| Rectum | Storage area for feces at the end of the large intestine. |
| Anus | External opening of the rectum where feces is removed from the body. |
| Calories | The energy that is stored in food and used for processes of the body such as walking, breathing, and running. |
| Macronutrient | Building blocks of a diet, which include carbohydrates, fat, and protein. |
| Protien | Building blocks of the body that provide amino acids that the body needs to build and repair muscle |
| Carbohydrates | Macronutrient that provides the body's cells, organs, and tissues with the energy they need to function. |
| Fats | Essential nutrient that help the body absorb vitamins while providing energy. |
| Micronutrient | Vitamins and minerals which are consumed in small amounts and required for optimal growth, development, and body function. |
| Vitamins | Carbon-based organic micronutrients that promote health and support optimal functioning of the body. |
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | Vitamins that are carried to the tissues of the body but are not stored in the body. |
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | Vitamins that do not dissolve in water but instead are dissolved in fats. |
| Minerals | Noncarbon, inorganic nutrients that promote health and support optimal functioning of the body. |
| Trace Minerals | Needed in small amounts to help with different body functions. |
| Water | An essential nutrient that makes up more than half of the body weight and is required by systems in the body to function properly. |
| Calorie Density | The number of calories a food contains related to its volume or weight. |
| Serving Size | The number of servings in a package of food. |
| Percent Daily Value (%DV) | The percentage of the recommended daily value for each individual nutrient in a single serving of food. |
| Net Carbs | The amount of carbs counted toward consumption after taking away the amount of fiber and sugar alcohols in a food. |
| Antioxidants | Substances, commonly found in plant-based foods, that protect the cells against free radicals. |
| Omega 3 Fatty Acids | Found in a number of foods, mainly fish. Fish oil supplements are the most common nonvitamin/nonmineral natural product taken by adults and children. |
| 24 Hour Recall | Assessment tool used to help a client recall what they have eaten over the last 24 hours. |
| Food Frequency Questionaire | Tool used to determine a client's typical food consumption based on a list of foods. |
| NPO | Abbreviation meaning nothing by mouth. |
| Aspiration | When solids or liquids enter the lungs during inhalation. |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing. |
| Regular Diet | A healthy, varied diet with foods from all food groups. |
| Soft Diet | Diet containing foods that are soft, easy to digest, low in fiber, and easy to swallow without difficulty. |
| Pureed Diet | Diet of foods that do not require chewing. |
| Full Liquid Diet | Diet of liquids, foods that are considered liquids, and foods that turn into liquids at room temperature. |
| Heart Healthy Diet | Promotes cardiovascular health through controlling portion, eating a varied diet, and watching sodium intake. |
| Renal Diet | Diet for individuals with kidney disease that limits intake of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus. |
| Warfarin | Medicine that thins the blood to prevent blood clots. |
| Overt Aspiration | Aspiration causing symptoms such as coughing or trouble breathing. |
| Silent Aspiration | Aspiration with no obvious symptoms. |
| Thickened Liquids | Liquids that are thickened using powder or gel to help prevent aspiration for those with dysphagia. |
| Assistive Devices | Equipment or tools that help a client perform daily tasks easier. |
| Blood Glucose | Provides energy to the cells in the body, primary sugar in the body that is made from foods eaten. |
| Fasting Blood Glucose | Blood sugar level taken after a person has not eaten or drank anything for a least 8 hours. |
| Hypoglycemia | A blood glucose level below the expected reference range. |
| G Tube | Delivers nutrition to a client via a tube in the stomach. |
| Laparoscopic Technique | Procedure where small incisions are made on the abdomen and a tiny telescope is used to place a g-tube. |
| Open Surgery Technique | Technique used to place a G-tube when laparoscopic is not an option; open surgery allowing the surgeon to complete other procedures if indicated. |
| Nasogastric Tube | Thin plastic tube placed via the nostril, down the esophagus and into the stomach. |
| Nasojejunal Tube | Thin, soft tube placed in a nostril with the tip located in the jejunum. |
| Enteral Nutrition | Nutritional intake through the GI tract, including the mouth or a GI tube. |
| Parenteral Nutrition | Nutritional intake through the veins, given when a client's GI system does not function. |
| Partial Parenteral Nutrition | Supplies a client with part of their nutritional requirements allowing for supplemental oral intake. |
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | Intravenous liquid nutrition that makes up all of a client's nutritional intake. |
| Pain | Subjective and can be caused by stimuli that are actual or anticipated; official IASP definition: "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage." |
| Pain Threshold | The point at which a stimulus causes the client perceive pain. |
| Pain Tolerance | How much of a stimulus the client is willing to accept. |
| Acute Pain | Anticipated or predictable end; lasts less than 6 months. |
| Chronic Pain | Constant or recurring; lasts longer than 6 months. |
| Nociceptors | Found in multiple parts of the body (skin, joints, muscles, viscera) and activated by many different chemical substances, extreme temperature and pressure changes, and tissue damage |
| Nociceptive Pain | Pain that is felt in the tissue, an organ, a damaged part of the body, or a referred pain. |
| Neuropathic Pain | Nerve pain that arises from the somatosensory system, described as intense, burning, and shooting. |
| Cancer Pain | A newly recognized category of pain that can involve tumor pain, bone pain, and treatment-associated pains such as chronic post-surgical pain. |
| Malpractice | A negligent act that has been performed by a professional or trained person. |
| Negligence | Failing to perform in a manner that a reasonable and prudent person should perform. |
| Ethics | The application of principles that guide moral behavior of an individual or group. |
| Beneficence | Doing good and acting in the best interest of a client by providing care that benefits them. |
| Nonmaleficence | Doing no harm, or the least amount of harm to the client, while trying to achieve the best possible outcome. |
| Autonomy | Independence or freedom, ability to make one's own decisions. |
| Justice | Treating all clients fairly and equally. |
| Morality | An individual's principles and their concepts of right and wrong. |
| Subjective | Data that is based upon the client's feelings, perception, and assumptions. |
| Objective | Assessed, observed, or collected data that can be noticed by seeing, hearing, smelling, and feeling. |
| Numeric Pain Rating | The most frequently used pain scale where the client is asked to rate the intensity of their pain on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain the client can imagine. |
| Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale | Scale with facial expressions to indicate level of pain. |
| Nonverbal Pain Scale | Designed for clients who are unable to verbalize their pain level. |
| Sensory Deficit | A deficit in the expected function of one or more of the five senses. |
| Sensory Deprivation | A reduction in or absence of stimuli to one or more of the five senses. |
| Sensory Overload | Receiving stimuli at a rate and intensity beyond the brain’s ability to process the stimuli in a meaningful way. |
| Sensory Processing Disorder | When a client appropriately detects sensory stimuli, but their brain has difficulty interpreting and responding appropriately to the stimuli. |
| Myopia | Inability to see faraway objects clearly, also referred to as nearsightedness. |
| Hyperopia | Inability to see nearby objects clearly, also referred to as farsightedness. |
| Astigmatism | A defect in the eye making objects nearby and faraway look blurry or distorted. |
| Presbyopia | Age-related farsightedness, or a gradual decrease in the ability to clearly see nearby caused by the loss of flexibility of the lens of the eye. |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | Affects blood vessels in the retina causing blindness. |
| Glaucoma | An increase in intraocular pressure due to the buildup of fluid, or aqueous humor, that causes compression of the optic nerve. |
| Macular Degeneration | An irreversible degeneration of the macula that leads to a loss of central vision as clients age. |
| Tinnitus | Hearing sound when no external sound is present, such as ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking, hissing, or humming noises. |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Hearing loss that occurs from problems either in the inner ear or on the vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve (cranial nerve VIII). |
| Presbycusis | Age-related hearing loss. |
| Ototoxicity | Causing damage to or dysfunction of the cochlea or vestibule. |
| Conductive Hearing Loss | Inability of sound to travel from the outer ear to the eardrum and middle ear. |
| Otitis Media | Inflammation in or the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear that can result in conductive hearing loss. |
| Otosclerosis | Abnormal growth of bone in the middle ear. |
| Communication | Dynamic interactions between people and their environment using a process that involves cerebration (thinking), cognition, hearing, speech production, and motor coordination. |
| Cerebration | The act of thinking, or using one's mind. |
| Aphasia | A disorder that affects a client s ability to articulate and understand speech and written language due to damage in the brain (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders). |
| Expressive Aphasia | Also known as Broca s or nonfluent aphasia and is due to damage to the frontal lobe of the brain. A client who has Broca s aphasia may understand speech but be unable to speak the words they want to say. |
| Comprehensive Aphasia | Also called Wernicke s or fluent aphasia, caused by damage to the temporal lobe of the brain. A client who has Wernicke s aphasia speaks in long sentences that have no meaning and often include unnecessary and made-up words. |
| Global Aphasia | Severe impairments in communication caused by significant damage to various language areas of the brain. Clients who have this type of aphasia have poor comprehension of language and may be unable to form words or sentences. |
| Tactile Hypersensitivity | Being overly sensitive to tactile stimulation. |
| Tactile Defensiveness | A severe sensitivity to touch that most people would find acceptable that often causes physical pain. |
| Tactile Hyposensitivity | Under-responsiveness to tactile stimulation. |
| Peripheral Neuropathy | Conditions that occur when nerves in the central nervous system become damaged resulting in numbness, pain, and weakness to the extremities. |
| Idiopathic Neuropathy | Neuropathy due to nerve damage of an unknown cause. |
| Diabetic Neuropathy | Nerve damage that occurs in clients who have diabetes mellitus due to high blood glucose levels and high levels of triglycerides, which cause damage to the nerves and to the small blood vessels supplying blood to the nerves. |
| Gustatory Cell | Taste cells that contain specific receptors that allow for differentiation between sweet, sour, bitter, salty, or savory flavors. |
| Olfactory Sensory Neurons | Specialized cells inside the nose that have an odor receptor and create the ability to smell. |
| Phantom Taste Perception | A persistent, foul taste when the mouth is empty. |
| Hypogeusia | A decreased ability to taste. |
| Ageusia | The inability to taste anything. |
| Dysgeusia | A persistent salty, rancid, or metallic taste is said to have dysgeusia. |
| Anosmia | The inability to smell anything. |
| Hyposmia | A reduction in the ability to perceive odors. |
| Parosmia | An alteration in odor perception or a distortion in smells, such as when a previously pleasant smell becomes unpleasant. |
| Phantosmia | The sensation of an odor that isn't there. |
| Dementia | A cognitive disorder that can impair communication ability due to language and memory changes. |
| Delirium | A syndrome whereby there is a disturbance in mental ability resulting in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment. |
| Silt Lamp | A microscope that contains a bright light used to examine the structures of the eye. |
| Fluorescein Angiography | Injection of dye into a peripheral vein, followed by taking photos of the vessels in the eye as the dye flows through them. |
| Amsler Grid | A test used to assess macular degeneration whereby a client is shown a grid made of lines, like graph paper, and asked if the lines look straight or wavy, or if any section of the grid is missing. |
| Rinne Test | A hearing test that is performed with a tuning fork that is vibrated and placed against the mastoid bone and the client is asked to identify when they are unable to hear the sound. |
| Audiometer Testing | A hearing test whereby a client wears earphones and various sounds at different decibel levels are played in each ear. The client identifies when they can hear each sound. |
| Bone Oscillator Test | A hearing test performed by placing a bone oscillator against the mastoid bone and monitoring the response of the auditory nerve to the vibrations. |
| Audio Brainstem Response Test | A hearing test whereby small electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure the brain s electrical activity in response to the sound of clicking noises. |
| Otoacoustic Emissions | A hearing test whereby a small probe is placed in the auditory canal, sounds are emitted, and the resulting echo is recorded, assessing the response of the inner ear. |
| Laryngectomy | The surgical removal of larynx. |
| Electrolarynx | An external device used to produce voice by emitting vibrations. |
| Malignant Hyperthermia | A severe reaction to certain medications given during anesthesia. It can be life-threatening; however, prophylactic measures can be taken if the client has a positive history. |
| Informed Consent | Formal permission granted with the knowledge of the possible consequences and alternatives. |
| Postoperative Delirium | Confusion and disorientation occurring in the older adult client postoperative. It is temporary and may come and go days to weeks after surgery. |
| Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction | A serious condition that both older adults and clients with preexisting neurocognitive disorders are at risk for when undergoing anesthesia. |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis | A condition that results from a blood clot inside a deep vein, usually within the extremities. |
| Pulmonary Embolism | An obstruction of blood flow in a pulmonary artery due to the movement of a blood clot from an extremity to the lungs. |
| Atelectasis | Collapse of airways and small sections of the lung as a result of shallow breathing. The collapsing of the lung during expansion. |
| Dehiscence | The complete or partial separation of the suture line and underlying tissues that occurs when a wound fails to heal properly. |
| Evisceration | Protrusion of internal organs through a surgical wound which has dehisced or opened. |
| Oliguria | Low urinary output. |
| Circulating Nurse | Coordinates the care of the client before, during, and after the surgical procedure. |
| Certified Surgical Technologist | Ensures the utensils needed during surgery are sterile and ready for use. |
| Patient Controlled Analgesia | A computerized pump controlled by the client capable of delivering pain medication through a syringe to their IV line. |
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