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NPP Unit 6
Elimination, Fluid/Electrolyte, Oxygenation, Evidence Based Practice.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Urination | The process of the elimination of urine through the urethra and out of the body. |
| Peristalsis | Contractions that occur throughout the digestive system that move food along a pathway to be digested. |
| Dietary Considerations That Affect Urine Production pt.1 | -type of liquid and food a client consumes -Drinking a larger amount of fluid -consumption of foods such as blackberries, beets, and rhubarb may turn urine a reddish color -Certain food dyes (blue or green) -eating aloe or fava beans (brown urine) |
| Dietary Considerations That Affect Urine Production pt.2 | -Asparagus -drinking certain beverages can increase urine production (cola, coffee, caffeinated beverages) -As we age, our kidney function declines with the loss of kidney tissue and nephrons and reductions in the blood supply. |
| Dietary Considerations That Affect Stool Production pt.1 | -fecal incontinence -Alcohol -Caffeinated beverages and foods -Dairy (milk, cheese, cream, and ice cream) -Foods that are high in fat or are highly greasy |
| Dietary Considerations That Affect Stool Production pt.2 | -Beverages that contain fructose -Spicy foods -Apples, peaches, and pears -Products that contain sweeteners, such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and maltitol |
| Urinary Incontinence (UI) | The inability to control urination resulting in its involuntary passage and can be caused by many factors. |
| Stress Incontinence | Coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical activity that increases pressure on the bladder resulting in urine leakage. |
| Urge Incontinence | A strong need or urge to urinate or defecate, but leakage occurs before getting to the toilet. |
| Overflow Incontinence | Incomplete bladder emptying that results in the bladder overfilling when full, leading to urine leakage. |
| Functional Incontinence | Physical inability to reach the toilet in time. This may be due to a physical impairment such as being wheelchair bound or having arthritis of the hands, which can hinder the fine motor skills needed to unbutton clothing. |
| Nocturnal Enuresis | Common in children but may occur in adults who have consumed too much alcohol, who consume caffeine at night, or who take certain medications. |
| Urinary Retension | Incomplete emptying of the bladder. |
| Constipation | Difficulty moving the bowels due to hardened stool. |
| Diarrhea | Frequent, loose, watery stools occurring throughout the day. |
| Bowel Incontinence | Common in adults older than age 65 and clients who are hospitalized or in a nursing home. In children, bowel incontinence is referred to as encopresis. Of the various types of bowel incontinence, urge incontinence is the most common |
| Types of Urinary Diversions | -Urinary Catheterization -Ureteral Stent -Urostomy -Nephrostomy -Continent Urinary Diversion -Cystostomy |
| Urinary Catheterization | A client may have a urinary catheter placed into the bladder to allow urine to drain. This flexible tube can be placed into the bladder through the urethra or through a surgically created opening in the lower abdomen. |
| Ureteral Stent | The primary purpose of the stent is to allow passage of urine when a ureter is blocked. This can happen for many reasons, such as obstruction from a stone or mass, postoperative scar tissue, or inflammation and swelling from an infection. |
| Urostomy | A surgically created diversion that uses part of the small intestine. |
| Nephrostomy | A nephrostomy tube drains urine directly from the kidney into an external pouch. A tube is surgically inserted through the skin on the back and into the kidney. This procedure is usually performed following the removal of kidney stones. |
| Continent Urinary Diversion/Neobladder | A neobladder is a reservoir surgically created from a piece of bowel; it is used to store urine before it is expelled from the body. Like the bladder, the neobladder is attached to the ureters and the urethra and placed in the pelvis. |
| Cystostomy | A cystostomy is similar to urinary catherization, but is more invasive. In this type of urinary diversion, a catheter is inserted directly into the bladder and attached to a drainage bag outside the client’s abdomen. |
| Complications of Urinary Diversion | Potential complications of urinary diversions may include UTIs, as well as kidney infections and skin complications. Performing good hand hygiene when caring for the diversion will help reduce the risk of infections. |
| Fecal or Bowel Diversions examples | -Ileostomy -Colostomy -J-Pouch -Kock Pouch |
| Ileostomy | a temporary or permanent fecal diversion that uses the terminal end of the small intestine, called the ileum. Permanent ileostomies are created when the entire colon, including the rectum and anus, must be removed or bypassed. |
| Colostomy | A colostomy is a fecal diversion in which part of the colon is used to form a stoma through the abdominal wall, allowing for the passage of body waste. These diversions can be temporary, to allow healing and rest for the colon, or they can be permanent. |
| J-Pouch | An internal pouch formed with the ileum. This internal reservoir connects to the anus after removal of the rectum and colon. Body waste collects in the reservoir. |
| Kock Pouch | continent ileostomy system. Using the ileum, the surgeon forms an internal pouch with a valve, so that intestinal contents do not escape the ileostomy. emptied through a catheter. |
| Dysuria | Pain or discomfort with urination often due to infection or injury. |
| Uroflowmetry | Measures urine speed and volume |
| Postvoid residual measurement | Measures the amount of urine left in the bladder after voiding |
| Cystometric test | Measures bladder capacity, or the amount of fluid or pressure inside the bladder as it is filling, and its final capacity when the urge to urinate begins |
| Leak point pressure measurement | Measures bladder pressure when the bladder begins to leak |
| Electromyography | Calculates electrical impulses of the nerves and muscles of the bladder and sphincters |
| Video urodynamic test | Takes pictures and video of the bladder while it is filling and emptying |
| Cystoscopy | Uses an optical instrument to view the lining of the urethra and bladder |
| Ureteroscopy | Uses an optical instrument to view the lining of the ureters and kidneys |
| Urinalysis | Urinalysis is a lab test commonly used by health care providers to evaluate for a variety of disorders, including nephro infections or UTIs, kidney disease, and diabetes. This test includes visual exam of the urine, dipstick testing, and microscope exam. |
| Urine Culture | When collecting urine for urine culture, the nurse follows all the same procedural steps for urinalysis, except that the specimen needs to be a clean collected specimen. |
| 24-Hour Urine Collection | A test for the urinary system is 24hr urine collection, in which urine is collected over a 24hr period, placed in a special container. The client can collect the urine at home after the nurse demonstrates the procedure. can show kidney function. |
| Clean Catch | Clean catch urine collection is a method used for collecting a urine sample for urinalysis and/or urine culture to evaluate for UTIs. The nurse must ensure that all supplies are gathered and explain the procedure to the client. |
| Catheterization | Urine catheterization utilizes a hollow tube, called a catheter, to collect urine. This specialized procedure requires sterile technique to avoid infecting the client with bacteria and causing a UTI or kidney infection. |
| Celiac disease testing | Diagnoses celiac disease |
| Colonoscopy | Screening procedure for colon or rectal cancer; can also be used to evaluate for causes of GI bleeding, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, and unexplained weight loss |
| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | Diagnoses problems associated with pancreatic and bile ducts such as gallstones, infections, pancreatitis, and pancreatic masses |
| Flexible sigmoidoscopy | Evaluates tissue that may be swollen or irritated for ulcers, polyps, or cancer |
| Lower GI series | Evaluates for bleeding, changes in bowel habits, chronic diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, cancer, diverticula, fistulas, polyps, or ulcers. |
| Upper GI endoscopy | Evaluates the esophagus, stomach, and upper intestine after findings such as persistent heartburn, bleeding, nausea and vomiting, pain, issues with swallowing, unexplained weight loss, ulcers, cancer, precancerous conditions, etc. |
| Upper GI series | Evaluates for nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulties with swallowing, unexplained weight loss, cancerous growths, and injuries to the esophagus, reflux, hernias, scarring, or ulcers |
| Fecal Occult Blood Test | checks stool for the presence of blood. Clients may complain about blood in their stool or changes in bowel habits. |
| False Positive | A false positive test result incorrectly indicates that a condition or attribute is present. |
| Electrolytes | Minerals in the body that conduct electricity. |
| Basal Metabolic Panel | A blood test that provides information regarding electrolyte and fluid balance and includes information regarding renal function and glucose levels. |
| Complete Metabolic Panel | A blood test that provides information regarding electrolyte and fluid balance. In addition to those findings included in the BMP, the CMP also includes information regarding the body's metabolism, including protein and liver function. |
| BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen, B/CMP) | Indication: Kidney Function |
| Co2 (Carbon Dioxide, B/CMP) | Indication: Blood Bicarbonate Level |
| Creatinine (CR, B/CMP) | Indication: Kidney Function |
| Glucose | Indication: Blood Sugar Level |
| Chloride (C--, B/CMP) | Indication: Blood Chloride Level |
| Potassium (K+, B/CMP) | Indication: Blood Potassium Level |
| Sodium (Na+, B/CMP) | Indication: Blood Sodium Level |
| Calcium (Ca+, B/CMP) | Indication: Blood Calcium Level |
| -Liver enzymes -Alkaline phosphate (ALP) -Alanine transaminase (ALT) -Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (CMP) | Indication: Liver Function |
| Bilirubin (Total, CMP) | Indication: Liver Function |
| Protein (Total, CMP) | Indication: Total Blood Protein |
| Albumin (CMP) | Indication: Liver Funciton |
| Electrolytes are responsible for the following functions within the body: | -Maintaining the balance of water in the body -Balancing the blood pH (acid–base) level -Moving nutrients into the cells -Moving wastes out of the cells -Maintaining proper function of the body’s muscles, heart, nerves, and brain) |
| Tachycardia | Heart rate above the expected reference range. |
| Tachypnea | Respiratory rate greater than expected range. |
| Kidneys | Organs that filter the blood and excrete waste as urine. |
| Dehydration | Excess water loss without a loss of sodium. |
| Hypovolemia | Decrease in blood volume due to body fluid or blood loss. |
| Homeostasis | A state of equilibrium. |
| Osmolality | A measurement of the solutes within a solution. |
| Intracellular Space | The space within a cell. |
| Extracellular Space | The space outside the cell that includes the interstitial and intravascular areas. |
| Interstitial Space | The space outside the cells; a component of the extracellular space. |
| Intravascular | The space within the vascular system including within the chambers of the heart, the arteries, and veins. |
| Osmosis | The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration, such as fluid moving into or out of a cell, in an effort to maintain homeostasis. |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | A hormone excreted by the hypothalamus in the brain that maintains blood pressure and fluid volume. Also known as vasopressin. |
| Vasopressin | A hormone excreted by the hypothalamus in the brain that maintains blood pressure and fluid volume. Also knows as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
| Potassium Range (K+) | 3.5 to 5 mEq/L |
| Sodium Range (Na+) | 136 to 145 mEq/L |
| Calcium (Ca2+) Range | 9 to 10.5 mg/dL |
| Magnesium (Mg2+) | 1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L |
| Diffusion | Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. |
| Active Transport | The movement of electrolytes or molecules across a cell membrane with the use of energy in the form of enzymes. |
| Potassium | Electrolyte for nerve and muscle function, especially for the heart. |
| Hypokalemia | Potassium level below expected reference range of 3.5 to 5 mEq/L. |
| Hypokalemia can occur from several causes: | -Medications -Certain cardiac conditions -Gastrointestinal losses -Metabolic alkalosis -Decreased oral intake of potassium -Excessive alcohol use -Chronic kidney disease -Diabetic ketoacidosis -Excessive sweating -Folic acid deficiency |
| Diuretic | A category of medications that cause increased urination. |
| Arrythmia | Abnormal heart rhythm. |
| Paralysis | Loss of muscle function. |
| Paralytic Ileus | A cessation of intestinal motility. |
| Hypotension | A blood pressure that is below the expected reference range. |
| Rhabdomyolysis | Muscle breakdown resulting in the release of the protein myoglobin into the bloodstream, which can cause damage to the kidneys. Characterized by red-colored urine, low urine output, weakness, and muscle pain. |
| Electrocardiogram | A test to check heart activity including heart rate and rhythm. |
| Potassium Sparing Diuretic | A medication that promotes the excretion of urine while retaining potassium. |
| Hyperkalemia | Potassium level above expected reference range of 3.5 to 5 mEq/L. |
| Hyperkalemia can occur from several causes: | -Renal failure -Dehydration -Diabetes mellitus -Medications -Trauma -Excess intake of potassium -Burns -Transfusions of packed red blood cells -Acidosis -Sepsis |
| Hemodialysis | Process of filtering waste from the blood using a machine. |
| Resin | Medication taken to decrease potassium levels via bowel movements. |
| Hypoglycemia | A blood glucose level below the expected reference range. |
| Sodium | Electrolyte that supports the function of nerves and muscles, maintains normal blood pressure, and regulates fluid balance in the body. |
| Hyponatremia | Sodium level below expected reference range of 136 to 145 mEq/L. |
| Multiple factors can place a client at risk for developing hyponatremia: | -Medications -Chronic or severe vomiting or diarrhea -Drinking excess amounts of water -Excess alcohol intake -Heart, kidney, and liver problems -Severe burns |
| Edema | Swelling due to excess fluid. |
| Hypernatremia | Sodium level above expected reference range of 136 to 145 mEq/L. |
| Hypernatremia can occur from the following causes: | -Loss of body water -Medications -Gastroenteritis -Vomiting -Prolonged suction -Burns -Excessive sweating -Chronic kidney disease -Diabetes -Impaired thirst response |
| Hypocalcemia | Calcium level below expected reference range of 9 to 10.5 mg/dL (total calcium). |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Body produces low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
| Hypocalcemia can occur from several causes: | -Medications that decrease the body’s absorption of calcium -Inadequate amount of vitamin D -Menopause -Hypoparathyroidism -Renal disease -Multiple blood transfusions -Electrolyte imbalances of magnesium or phosphate -Sepsis -Low albumin levels |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | Hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that regulates serum calcium concentration. |
| Osteopneia | Low bone mass. |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Overactive parathyroid gland. |
| Chvostek Sign | Test which may indicate low calcium or magnesium levels. A positive result results in a twitching response of the side of the face when facial nerves are tapped. |
| Trousseau Sign | Test that can indicate low calcium or magnesium levels and spasms in the wrist and hand (carpopedal spasms) when a blood pressure cuff is inflated above the systolic blood pressure. |
| Ionized Calcium Level | Circulating calcium within the blood that is not attached to proteins. |
| Hypercalcemia | Calcium level above expected reference range of 9 to 10.5 mg/dL (total calcium). |
| Hypercalcemia is most commonly caused by the following factors: | -Cancer -Hyperparathyroidism -Vitamin D toxicity -Medications -Renal failure |
| Hypercalcemia Manifestations Mnemonic "Abdominal Moans, painful Bones, kidney Stones, Groans, and neurologic Overtones" pt.1 | Abdominal moans refers to the gastrointestinal manifestations such as constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Painful bones refers to the aching pain that occurs in cases of hypercalcemia caused by hyperparathyroidism. |
| Hypercalcemia Manifestations Mnemonic "Abdominal Moans, painful Bones, kidney Stones, Groans, and neurologic Overtones" pt.2 | Kidney stones refers to the development of calcium renal stones that can cause intense flank pain. Groans refers to the lethargy and general feelings of malaise that occur with hypercalcemia. |
| Hypercalcemia Manifestations Mnemonic "Abdominal Moans, painful Bones, kidney Stones, Groans, and neurologic Overtones" pt.3 | Neurologic overtones refers to confusion and behavioral changes such as delirium, psychosis, and coma that can occur. |
| Magnesium | Electrolyte that helps with regulation of nerve and muscle function, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, and making DNA, protein, and bone. |
| Hypomagnesemia | Magnesium level below expected reference range of 1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L. |
| Hypomagnesemia may be caused by several different factors: pt.1 | -Medications -Decreased intake -Decreased absorption by the intestines (Crohn’s disease, celiac disease) -Increased excretion by the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, pancreatitis) |
| Hypomagnesemia may be caused by several different factors: pt.2 | -Increased excretion by the kidneys -Excessive alcohol use -Diabetes mellitus type 2 -Undernutrition -Severe burns -Electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia, hypocalcemia) |
| Hypermagnesemia | Magnesium level above expected reference range of 1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L. |
| Hypermagnesemia can occur from the following causes: | -Kidney disease (acute and chronic) -Excessive intake -Medications -Trauma -Acidotic states -Hypothyroidism -Chronic alcohol use disorder |
| Bradycardia | A heart rate that is less than the expected reference range. |
| Half-life | The amount of time required for 50% of a drug to be excreted from the body. |
| Hypervolemia | Fluid overload, the body has too much water. |
| Apoptosis | Destruction of a cell. |
| Dehydration can occur from the following causes: | -Lack of water intake -Gastrointestinal losses replaced with hypertonic fluids -Fever -Medications -Diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Urine Specific Gravity | A test that measures the solutes in a sample of urine and provides information regarding the body's fluid balance. The expected reference range of urine specific gravity is 1.005 to 1.030. |
| Fluid Volume Deficit | A condition caused by the loss of water; also referred to as hypovolemia. |
| Hypovolemia can occur from the following causes: | -Blood loss -Gastrointestinal losses -Severe burns -Third spacing -Excessive sweating -Fever Medications Trauma |
| Third Spacing | Movement of fluid from the intravascular space (within the veins) to the interstitial space. |
| Hypovolemic Shock | When the body loses 20 percent or one-fifth of its blood or fluid supply. |
| Creatinine (CR) | Reflection of renal function; a byproduct of skeletal muscle contractions (creatine), which is then excreted through the urine. |
| Hemoglobin | A component of the red blood cell that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells. |
| Kidney Failure | The inability of the kidneys to function properly and remove waste from the body. |
| Diverticulosis | A condition in which small sacs or pouches form in the colon. |
| Diverticulitis | An inflamed pouch or sac in the colon that is the result of stool becoming trapped. |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | A gastrointestinal condition characterized by abdominal pain and changes to bowel elimination patterns that can include diarrhea and/or constipation. |
| Ulcerative Colitis (UC) | A chronic disease that causes inflammation and ulcerations of the large intestine or colon. |
| Crohn's Disease | A chronic disease that causes inflammation in the GI tract but commonly affects the small intestine. |
| Bronchoconstritction | Tightening of the bronchus due to the contraction of the smooth muscle. |
| Bronchodilation | Expansion of the airway in the bronchus. |
| Pleural Cavity | The space or cavity between the visceral and parietal layers of the lung. |
| Pleura | A protective layer or membrane covering the lungs. |
| Diaphragm | A muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and innervated by nerves. |
| Surfactant | A lubricant made in the lungs to keep the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation. |
| Atelectasis | Collapse of airways and small sections of the lung as a result of shallow breathing. The collapsing of the lung during expansion. |
| Respirations | The amount of breaths per minute. |
| Lung Compliance | The point to which a lung can expand in response to increased pressure within the alveoli (interalveolar). |
| Airway Resistance | The pressure or opposition of the tissues in the airway to the flow of air. |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | Volume of air breathed in after a typical inspiration. |
| Tidal Volume | Volume of air inspired and expired with each breath. |
| Residual Volume | Volume of air remaining in the alveoli after expiration. |
| Forced Vital Capacity | Volume of air remaining in the lung after maximal inspiration. |
| Vital Capacity | Maximum volume of air that is expelled after maximal inspiration. |
| Total Lung Capacity | Volume of air remaining in the lung after maximal inspiration. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | The movement of blood from the heart to the lungs from the capillaries for gas exchange and back. |
| Diastole | The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers of the heart fill with blood. |
| Systole | The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle when the mitral and tricuspid valves close and blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. |
| Cardiac Output | The volume of blood ejected by the heart ventricles in one miunute; calculated by multiplying the stroke volume and pulse rate of the heart. |
| Cardiac Output Formula | CO = HR × SV |
| Stroke Volume | Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during one contraction. |
| Preload | The blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of diastole causing it to stretch. |
| Afterload | The amount of resistance or force that occurs when the heart ejects blood from the left ventricle. |
| Contractility | The force required to eject blood from the left ventricle. |
| Sinoatrial (SA) Node | The pacemaker of the heart. |
| Cardiopulmonary Risk Factors | -Dietary Habit -Exercise -Smoking -Stress -Environmental Hazard |
| Tripod Position | Placement of the arms against the legs or examination table while seated. |
| Tactile Fermitus | A vibration felt in the chest wall during palpation or auscultation found when speaking. |
| Pleural Effusion | A buildup of fluid in the pleural space. |
| Pneumothorax | Air in the pleural space causing the lung to completely or partially collapse. |
| Crackles | Caused by fluid filling the air sacs that sound like music or a whistling noise heard on exhalation. |
| Wheezing | A high-pitched noise creating a whistling sound due to air going through narrowed airways. |
| Rhonchi | Obstruction of the airway that sounds like rattling. |
| Stridor | Narrowing of the airway heard on inhalation that sounds like music or whistling. |
| Hypoxemia | Low amount of oxygen in the blood. |
| Hypoxia | Below the expected level of oxygen in body tissue. |
| Hyperventilation | An increase in the rate and depth of breathing that leads to excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the blood. |
| Hypoventilation | Shallow breathing with a lower than expected respiratory rate. |
| Causes of hypoventilation include: | -Neuromuscular disorders such as muscular dystrophy and Guillain-Barré syndrome -Medications such as barbiturates, narcotics, and benzodiazepines -Neurologic disorders -Trauma |
| the following conditions may cause hypoxia: | -Smoke inhalation -High altitudes -Lung diseases such as COPD, pneumonia, and asthma -Medications that decrease the respiratory rate -Anemia |
| Regurgitation | Leaking heart valves that do not close (CDC). |
| Stenosis | Narrowing of a heart valve. |
| Nasal cannula advantages | -Safe, simple, and inexpensive -Comfortable -Decreased likelihood of causing claustrophobia -Readily allows for eating and drinking -Avoids rebreathing of CO2 -Delivers oxygen concentrations (24% to 44%) at lower flow rates (1 to 6 L/min) |
| Nasal cannula disadvantages pt.1 | Dermatitis and nasal irritation can occur Suitable for low flow rates (less than 6 L/min) Headaches and dry mucous membranes can occur if the flow greater than 4 L/min Not recommended for clients with nasal obstructions such as polyps and mucosal edema |
| Nasal cannula disadvantages pt.2 | Flow settings and the client’s respiratory pattern will determine inspired oxygen concentrations Less accurate in terms of the percentage of oxygen delivered compared to a Venturi mask |
| Simple face mask advantages | -Inexpensive -Can be used on mouth breathers |
| Simple face mask disadvantages | -May cause claustrophobia -Not recommended for clients at risk for CO2 retention -Clients should be monitored, especially if they complain of nausea or vomiting |
| Partial and nonrebreather masks advantages | -Recommended for short-term use with clients having an acute illness and trauma -Deliver high percentages of oxygen (60% to 95%) at flow rates of 10 to 15 L/min for clients with hypoxia |
| Partial and nonrebreather masks disadvantages pt.1 | -Not to be used with humidification -A good seal is required around the face to ensure effectiveness of the mask and the amount of oxygen inspired |
| Partial and nonrebreather masks disadvantages pt.2 | -Risk of atelectasis and oxygen toxicity -During respirations, to ensure the bag is inflated, high flow rates are required -The bag of the mask must be inflated, filled with oxygen, and collapsed by one-third for setup |
| Venturi mask advantages pt.1 | -Provides a precise amount of oxygen -Venturi barrels can be exchanged to deliver various concentrations |
| Venturi mask advantages pt.2 | -Reduces rebreathing of exhaled air -Works independently of client breathing factors and flow of oxygen -If the rate of flow is increased, the concentration of oxygen remains the same |
| Venturi mask disadvantages | -Can be noisy -Can feel claustrophobic Interferes with eating and drinking |
| Apnea | A condition in which there is an absence of inspiratory airflow for a minimum of 10 seconds. |
| Spirit of Inquiry | A desire to understand the knowledge and skills required to provide the best possible care for clients and families. |
| PICOT | An acronym that stands for Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Time. |
| Table of Evidence | A tool used to organize and display evidence findings from multiple articles regarding an interest. |
| Theory Practice Gap | The gap between the obtainment of theoretical knowledge from research into its practical application in nursing. |
| Digital Repository | A mechanism for storing and maintaining electronic content, similar to how a library or museum stores physical content. |
| Nursing Research | The process of creating evidence focused on advancing solutions to health care problems. |
| Nursing Process | A framework that guides nurses in delivering client-focused care that takes the entire person into consideration. |
| Quantitative Research | Research that uses numerical data to evaluate the outcome of interventions. |
| Qualitative Research | Research which seeks to explain value-laden experiences through narratives collected from participants. |
| Mixed Methods Research | Combines qualitative studies that explore experiences and quantitative designs, which enumerate findings that are generalizable due to their larger sample sizes and multiple variables. |
| Translational Research | The science of determining the most effective methods to implement EBP across populations and settings. |
| Scholarly Database | An ordered, searchable assortment of articles and research studies that have been published in professional or peer-reviewed journals. |
| Abstract | A brief summary of the paper which includes the purpose of the study, the basic study design, the findings and researcher's conclusions. |
| Peer Reviewed Journals | Publication which contains articles that have been reviewed by other professionals with similar licensure, education and expertise to ensure quality and promote client safety. |
| Critical Appraisal | The process of reviewing a research study to determine validity, reliability and applicability to the investigators search for evidence. |
| Hierarchy of Evidence | A rating system for research findings based upon the quality of the research design, the validity of the results and the applicability of the information. |
| Systematic Review | A review and evaluation of findings from multiple studies regarding the same phenomenon. |
| Meta Analysis | The utilization of statistics to combine research samples, methods, and findings from many studies regarding the same phenomenon. |
| Knowledge Distillation | The process of evaluating research findings and translating that evidence into clinical practice guidelines to guide the delivery of care. |
| Clinical Practice Guideline | Are statements of evidence-based recommendations to be used as guidelines in the medical management of disease processes and in the area of preventative care. |
| Critical Pathways | Clinical tools used within a health care organization that help nurses manage the delivery of client care for a specific circumstance, category, or disorder. |
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