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GCC: Lab Meaning
The info behind the numbers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When does a HCP order lab tests? | 1. Before surgery 2. Assess the disease (getting better or worse) 3. Diagnose |
| RBC are too low: | Bleeding |
| Hgb are too low: | Bleeding |
| Hct is too low? High? | Low: Bleeding High: Dehydration |
| WBC is too low? High? | Low: At risk for infection High: Infection present |
| What is thrombocytosis? | - The most common associative disease with spontaneous (elevated platelets) is malignancy (leukemia, lymphoma, or solid tumors such as those involving the colon) |
| What is thrombocytopenia? | Reduced production of platelets (secondary to bone marrow failure or infiltration of fibrosis, tumor, etc.), chemotherapy; Platelet loss from hemorrhage |
| When platelets are lower than normal: | Petechiae, spontaneous bleeding or increasingly heavy menses |
| Electrolytes too high? Low? | High:Dehydration, Diabetes Insipidus, Ingestion, IV fluids Low: Diaphoresis, Vomiting, Diarrhea |
| (K) Hypokalemia | Low Potassium Level: cardiac arrhythmias, EKG changes, decrease in contractility of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles |
| (K) Hyperkalemia | High Potassium Level: Anxiety, dysrhythmias, paresthesia, waekness, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea |
| (Cl) Low levels of chlorine | Hyper-excitability of the nervous system and muscles, shallow breathing, hypotension and tetany |
| (Cl) High levels of chlorine | Lethargy, weakness, deep breathing |
| (Na) Hyponatremia | Weakness, confusion, lethargy, stupor, coma, personality changes, postural hypotension, tachycardia |
| (Na) Hypernatermia | Dry mucous membranes, thirst, agitation, restlessness, hyperreflexia, convulsion, extreme thirst, sticky tongue, restlessnes, irritability, and flushed skin |
| What does BUN test for? | ability of kidneys to excrete urea and nitrogen |
| BUN too high? | May be dehydrated, kidneys not working; high protein feedings; CHF, shock, acute MI |
| BUN too low? | Poor nutrition (not enough protein) over-hydration |
| Blood/Urine Creatinine too High? Too low? | Too high = Impaired kidney function Too low = Decreased muscle mass |
| Creatinine Clearance: | Proportional to GFR and dependent on muscle mass |
| Hyperglycemia: | Blood sugar to high: more sugar than body can handle |
| Hypoglyecemia: | Blood sugar to low: not enough sugar to meet basic body function |
| Serum Albumin: | -Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure -Transports drugs, hormones, and enzymes -Measures hepatic function and nutrition |
| Prealbumin: | Plasma protein: Monitors total parenteral nutrition (transports and metabolizes vitamin A) |
| Total Bilirubin: | Increased in liver disease and bile duct obstructions, certain anemias and transfusion reactions |
| Prothrombin Time (PT) | Evaluates the adequacy of the extrinsic system and common pathway in the clotting mechanism. Measures the clotting ability of factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, and X. (When deficient, PT is prolonged) |
| When PT is prolonged: Evaluate client for...? | bleeding tendencies (i.e., check for blood in the urine and all excretions and assess the client for bruises, petechiae, and low back pain) |
| Increased urine pH: | Alkaline urine seen with bacteria, urinary tract infection, or a diet high in citrus fruits or vegetables |
| Decreased urine pH: | Acidic urine is generally obtained in clients with acidemia, which can result from metabolic or respiratory acidosis, starvation, dehydration, or a diet high in meat products or cranberries. |
| Proteinuria is the most important indicator of what? | Renal disease |
| What type of client is routinely checked for proteinuria? | Pregnant women, as it can be an indicator of preeclampsia |
| When is glucosuria not abnormal? | It may occur immediately after eating a high-carbohydrate meal. It can also occur in patients receiving dextrose-containing IV fluids |
| Nitrates in the urine are indicators of...? | Possible UTI |
| Ketonuria is associated with? | 1. Poorly controlled diabetes 2. May occur with acute febrile illnesses, especially in infants and children 3. Evaluating ketoacidosis associated with alcoholism, fasting, starvation, high-protein diets, and isopropanol ingestion. |
| RBC in the urine indicate..? | 1. Renal, bladder or prostate disease or infection 2. Kidney stones, tumors, trauma 3. Traumatic bladder catheterization 4. Contamination from menstrual blood |
| What does Specific Gravity measure? | The concentration of particles (including wastes and electrolytes) A measurement of the hydration status of the client |
| High Specific Gravity | Indicates concentrated urine - dehydration |
| Low Specific Gravity | Low specific gravity indicates diluted urine - Overhydration (Renal disease tends to diminish the concentrating capability of the kidney will see in chronic renal disease low specific gravity) |
| WBC in the urine indicate..? | Bacterial infection - UTI |
| Which lab tests are normally sterile? | Blood and Urine |
Created by:
shalliesue
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