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NPP Unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chain of Infection | How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne. |
| Chain of Infection Cycle | -Infectious Agent -Reservoir -Portal of Exit -Mode of Transmission -Portal of Entry -Susceptible Host |
| Infectious Agent | Something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite, prion. |
| Reservoir | Is the habitat of the infectious agent, a location where it can live, grow, and reproduce itself or replicate. |
| Portal of Exit | Means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir. |
| Mode of Transmission | How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne. |
| Portal of Entry | Any body orifice--for example, ears, nose, mouth, or skin--that provides a place for an infectious agent to replicate or for a toxin to act. |
| Susceptible Host | Required for the infectious agent to take hold and become a reservoir for infection. Not everyone who is exposed to an infectious agent will get ill. Some people never exhibit manifestations at all but can become colonized with the infectious agent. |
| Virulent | Term to describe how efficient an infectious agent is at making people ill. |
| Factors that Increase Host Susceptibility pt.1 | -Age -Underlying disease (ex: HIV/AIDS) -Malignancy -Transplants |
| Factors that Increase Host Susceptibility pt.2 | -Medications: immunosuppressants, antirejection medications, antineoplastics, antimicrobials, corticosteroids, gastric suppressants (e.g., proton pump inhibitors) -Surgical procedures -Radiation therapy |
| Factors that Increase Host Susceptibility pt.3 | -Indwelling devices: endotracheal tubes, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, arterial catheters, and implants such as pacemakers and artificial joints |
| Direct Contact Transmission | Occurs when micro-organisms are directly moved from an infected person to another person, rather than through a contaminated object or person. |
| Indirect Contact Transmission | Occurs when microorganisms are directly moved from the infected person to another person with having a contaminated object or person between these two. |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Specially designed equipment that is meant to protect the health care worker from contamination, blood, or body fluids. This equipment may include masks, eye protection, gown, gloves, and hair caps. |
| Donned | To be put on |
| Droplet Transmission | Occurs when droplets from the respiratory tract of a client travel through the air and into the mucosa of a host (ex. nurse, other client, healthcare worker). |
| Airborne Transmission | Occurs when small particulates move into the airspace of another person. |
| Vehicle Transmission | Transmission of infectious agents to various individuals through a common source, such as contaminated food or water. |
| Vector Borne Transmissions | Transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an insect or rodent. |
| Skin Major Functions | -Reduce loss of water -Protect against abrasion and micro-organisms -Provide a permeable barrier against the environment |
| Nonspecific Immunity | Comprised of neutrophils and macrophages and their work as phagocytes. |
| Phagocytes | Eat and destroy micro-organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from harm. |
| Specific Immunities | The work of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes. |
| Inflammatory Response | Natural defense of the body when injured, when foreign substances are present or when infectious agents attack. |
| The Steps to Inflammation | -Recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors (located on the surface of cells) -Activation of the inflammatory pathway -Release of inflammatory markers -Recruitment of inflammatory cells |
| Infectious Triggers to Inflammation | -Viruses -Bacteria -Other micro-organisms |
| Noninfectious Triggers to Inflammation | -Physical: burns, frostbite, injury, foreign bodies, trauma, radiation -Chemical: glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, irritants (e.g., fluoride, nickel) -Biological: damaged cells -Psychological: excitement |
| Manifestations of Inflammation | -Heat -Redness -Swelling -Pain -Loss of function |
| Stages of Infection | -Incubation -Prodromal -Acute Illness -Period of Decline -Period of Convalescence |
| Incubation | First stage of infection in which the client may not feel ill or have visible manifestations, however there may be lab values that are changes or changes in diagnostic tests such as x-rays or CT scans. |
| Prodromal | Stage of infection when client begins having initial manifestations as the infectious agent replicates. |
| Acute Illness | Third stage of infection where manifestations of a specific infectious disease process are obvious. This is also the stage where it is severe. |
| Period of Decline | Fourth stage of infection when manifestations begin to wane as the number of infectious disease decreases. |
| Period of Convalescence | Fifth and last stage of infection when client returns to a normal or a new normal state of health. |
| Local Infections | Are confined to one area of the body. |
| Systemic Infections | Start as local infections and then transmit into the bloodstream to infect the entire body system. |
| Types of White Blood Cells, Values and Functions pt.1 | -Neutrophils (55-70%, First responder, Phagocyte) -Lymphocytes (20-40%, Fights Bacterial and Acute infection) |
| Types of White Blood Cells, Values and Functions pt.2 | -Monocytes (2-8%, Phagocytes that are produced rapidly, produces interferon, enhances immune response) -Eosinophils (1-4%, activates during allergic reactions and parasitic infection, fights inflammation and infection.) |
| Types of White Blood Cells, Values and Functions pt.3 | -Basophils (0.5-1%, releases histamine, serotonin and heparin, can perform phagocytosis.) |
| Hand Hygiene | Washing your hands with antibacterial soap and water, using alcohol-based gel or foam, or surgical scrub. |
| Types of Antiseptic Agents | -Alcohols -Chlorhexidine -Chlorine -Chloroxylenol (parachlorometaxylenol [PCMX]) -HexachloropheneIodine/iodophors -Quaternary ammonium compounds -Triclosan |
| Medical Asepsis | Clean technique practices that the reduce the presence of disease-causing micro-organisms on surfaces. |
| Surgical Asepsis | Includes techniques that ensures the sterility of items that will come in contact with the client, through use of equipment such as sterile gloves, in order to prevent pathogen transfer to the client. |
| Sterilization | Cleaning instruments so that all micro-organisms, including bacterial spores are eradicated. |
| Sterile Fields | Created to assure that the smallest number of microorganisms possible are present; used for procedures where surgical asepsis is indicated. |
| Disinfection | Cleans instruments so that almost all micro-organisms are eradicated, but not all. There are two levels of disinfection: high-level and low-level. |
| Standard Precaution | Infection prevention practices and these apply to all clients, whether or not they are known to have an infectious agent. |
| Contact Precaution | Precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with body secretions; requires a minimum of gown and gloves prior to client interactions. |
| Droplet Precaution | Don a mask when entering the room or coming into close contact with a client. |
| Airborne Precaution | Used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through the air should don an N95 mask or a high-level respirator when entering the room of a client. |
| Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) | Single client rooms built with special air handling and ventilation to provide a negative pressure (relative to the surrounding area, such as the hall or neighboring rooms). Also referred to as a negative pressure room. |
| Protective Isolation | Used during approximately the first 100 days after the transplant, specific engineering and hospital designs that decrease the risk of environmental fungi to the client who had HSCT. |
| Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) | Infections that are acquired in a health care facility (ex. hospital, nursing home, ambulatory care facility). |
| Infection Control Bundles | Guidelines for practice that are bundled together to help prevent HAIs such as CAUTIs, CLABSIs, VAPs, and SSIs. |
| Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDRO's) | Bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of existing antimicrobials. |
| Examples of MDRO's pt.1 | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) |
| Examples of MDRO's pt.2 | Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP) |
| Enhanced Barrier Precautions | Nursing home staff must wear gown and gloves to prevent transfer of organisms to themselves or their clothing when engaging in certain client care activities. |
| Closed Glove Technique | Used to don sterile gloves using surgical asepsis after the individual has performed a surgical hand scrub and donned a sterile gown; hands are kept inside the sterile gown until gloves are donned. |
| Open Glove Technique | Used to don sterile gloves using surgical asepsis; gloves are touched directly with the hands. |
| Sterile Gowning | Gown that is sterile; donned prior to procedures requiring surgical asepsis. |
| Independent Gowning | Surgical gowning performed without the aid of another person. |
| Conventional Medicine | The predominant interventions practiced by medical doctors (M.D.), doctors of osteopathy (D.O.), and other health care professionals during the typical courses of treatment. |
| Western Medicine | A conventional, or modern medical practice. |
| Complementary and Integrative Health (CIH) | Approaches health and wellness through a broader lens and is combined with, ideally complementing, conventional medicine. |
| Holistic Medicine | Viewing the client as a whole person and assisting in healing not only physically, but mentally, spiritually, and emotionally. |
| Holistic Nursing | Nursing practice whose goal is to heal the person and reinforce the body’s innate ability to heal itself. |
| Holistic Nursing Interventions pt.1 | -Acupressure -Animal-assisted therapy -Anticipatory guidance -Anxiety reduction -Behavioral management and modification -Biofeedback -Calming technique -Coaching -Cognitive therapy -Community health development |
| Holistic Nursing Interventions pt.2 | -Conflict management and crisis intervention -Consultation, referral, health systems guidance -Counseling -Cultural brokerage -Decision-making support -Dying care and grief work -Emotional support and coping enhancement |
| Holistic Nursing Interventions pt.3 | -Energy therapies: Therapeutic Touch and Healing Touch -Environmental management -Family, support system, and caregiver support -Forgiveness facilitation -Guided imagery Health education and learning facilitation -Hope and inspiration -Humor |
| Holistic Nursing Interventions pt.4 | -Hypnosis -Journaling -Massage -Meditation -Music, art, aroma, and activity therapies -Mutual goal setting -Pain management -Patient contracting -Prayer |
| Holistic Nursing Interventions pt.5 | -Presence -Promotion of beneficial diet, sleep, exercise, and nutrition -Relationship building -Relaxation therapy -Reminiscence -Resiliency promotion -Risk identification -Self-awareness -Self-help |
| Holistic Nursing Interventions pt.6 | -Smoking cessation promotion -Spiritual growth and support -Stress management -Substance use prevention -Support groups -Teaching -Value clarification |
| Progressive Relaxation | Relies on a systematic progression of tensing and relaxing groups of muscles. |
| Energy Therapies | Hands-on techniques involving the channeling of healing energy through a practitioner to the client, for restoration of health and balance of the body's energy. |
| Deep Breathing Exercises | Involves active control of air being drawn in and out of the body; how fast and how deep one breathes; and what body parts are being controlled. |
| Meditation | Eastern, or spiritual techniques where an individual focuses attention on their body and clears the mind of normal streaming thoughts to create a state of physical relaxation, mental calmness, and psychological balance. |
| Mindfulness | A regulation of self by paying attention to, openness and orienting immediate experiences to the present moment; being in the moment. |
| Guided Imagery | Involves relaxation through visualization of particular images to free the body of specific illnesses, or condition. |
| Prayer | A personal act, described as communicating through inward conversation, or communion with a higher power of choice. |
| Yoga | Often called a meditative movement, yoga is the ancient art of combining physical poses, with breathing exercises and meditation, to improve anxiety, stress, sleep, and life balance. |
| Tai Chi | Originally a Chinese Martial Art, practitioners of Tai Chi move their bodies in slow, gentle and relaxed movements in forms or routines, while focusing their breathing and meditation to help Qi, or, Chi's vital energy flow throughout the body. |
| Qi Gong | An ancient Chinese moving meditation that combines mental and physical focus purposely geared towards specific parts of the body. |
| Aromatherapy | The use of essential oils for improvement of physical, mental, or spiritual wellness. |
| Acupuncture | A procedure using long, thin needles to penetrate the skin and stimulate, by hand and/or electrically, anatomical points in the body to improve short and long-term physical function. |
| Hypnotherapy | Therapy using hypnosis; a hypnotic or altered consciousness state achieved through relaxation, and focused attention on suggestions by a hypnotist, or hypnotherapist to effect change. |
| Biofeedback | A conscious regulation of bodily functions assisted by electronic devices to improve health by reducing stress, eliminating headaches, recondition injured muscles and alleviate pain. |
| Massage Therapy | An ancient manual therapy of manipulating soft tissue for relief from pain and other conditions. |
| Reflexology | Using anatomic charts to guide a method of massaging or manipulating the feet and/or hands reflex systems to positively influence the body s functions regarding pain, stress, or other dysfunctions. |
| Chiropractic Medicines | A hands-on therapy focusing on the body s physical structure, primarily the spine, and restoration of functionality to relieve pain, and promote health and wellness. |
| Osteopathic Medicines | A health care system concentrating on structural and anatomical abnormalities that cause disease. |
| Alexander Technique | Is focused on healthy posture and its effects on the body, particularly the spine, neck, and head. Developed by Frederick Mathias Alexander. |
| Structural Integration | Developed by Dr. Ida P. Rolf in the 1940 s with influences from yoga, chiropractic and the Alexander Technique. |
| Feldenkrais Method | Developed by Dr. Moshe Feldenkrais in the early 1970s this technique focuses on mindful movements to improve the physical use of the body. |
| Pilates | A low-impact exercise once popular amongst dancers to correct posture, develop body uniformity, and restore mind, body, and spiritual vitality. |
| Chakras | A living body's subtle energy anatomy, also called Chi. |
| Healing Touch | A hands-on, energy-based therapy developed from numerous healing predecessors philosophies, similar to therapeutic touch. |
| Therapeutic Touch | An energy therapy, using hands-on techniques to provide relief from pain, and promote healing. |
| Cupping | An ancient technique where heated cups are placed on the skin with suction. The action of the suction created blood flow, increased circulation in the area for pain relief and healing. |
| Ayurveda | An ancient Indian medical system based on harmony and balancing the mind, body, spirit to lead to health, contentment, and removing substances from the body that can cause disease. |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) | A whole medical system that originated in China and is still widely practiced. Herbal medicines are the key component of TCM. |
| Kampo | A traditional medicine form the developed in Japan, with origins in Traditional Chinese Medicine. |
| Reiki | A Japanese system of healing where a practitioner directs Ki to restore health. This energy of life is similar to Chinese Qi but is unsupported by scientific evidence to effectively treat illness. |
| Naturopathy | European healthcare and medical practices that evolved from traditional to alternative medical system in the 19th century. |
| Herbs | Herbal medicine and botanicals. |
| Homeopathy | A system of theoretical medical practices that any substance can produce a disease state in a healthy person and that any substance can provide treatment for a person who has the disorder. |
| Functional Medicine | A biology-based approach whose focus is on the root cause of disease. It systemically identifies the many causes and conditions contributing to dysfunctional health. |
| Prebiotics | A nutrient stimulating the health and growth of bacteria in the large intestine. Organisms in the colon effect digestive health. |
| Probiotics | Substances that promote a favorable, health-promoting effect on tissues and cells. |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | Found in a number of foods, mainly fish. Fish oil supplements are the most common non-vitamin/non-mineral natural product taken by adults and children. |
| B-complex | A group of vitamins including B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (Pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folic acid), B12 (cyanocobalamin). |
| Vitamins | Carbon-based organic substances made naturally by plants and animals. Divided into categories of either water-soluble or fat-soluble, the 13 essential vitamins are A,C, D, E, K and the eight B-Complex vitamins, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12. |
| Minerals | Noncarbon, inorganic substances found in rocks, soil, and water. Divided into either macro minerals or trace minerals. |
| Colloidal Silver | Topical silver is used for healing skin infections, wounds, and burns, however, is contraindicated for oral use. |
| Caring | The act of nurturing another person to whom one feels commitment or responsibility. |
| Watson's Theory of Human Caring | A model in client care that has a holistic mind-body-spirit healing perspective characterized by caring moments in which the nurse and the client have a human-to-human connection; transpersonal caring and Caritas Processes. |
| Caritas Process | Ten caring processes that provide a common language to guide nurses in identifying and maximizing the caring moments and occasions in their own practice. |
| Maintaining Belief | Can be recognition of faith, in others, in God, or in a higher power (Swanson's Theory of Human Caring). Can be recognition of faith, in others, in God, or in a higher power (Swanson's Theory of Human Caring). |
| Knowing | Being aware of assessment data, influences on the situation, and even resources, and then translating this knowledge into how the situation fits into the bigger picture (Swanson's Theory of Caring). |
| Being With | Being physically and emotionally present with another person, which provides comfort (Swanson's Theory of Human Caring). |
| Doing For | An action, a performance of tasks or activities, or an attitude (Swanson's Theory of Human Caring). |
| Enabling | Being a guide through situations and events (Swanson's Theory of Human Caring). |
| Culturally Competent Nursing Practice | The application of evidence-based nursing that is congruent to the preferred cultural values, beliefs, worldviews, and practices of the client. |
| Acculturation | The process of sharing and learning cultural traits or social patterns of another group. |
| Spiritual Well-Being | Satisfaction and a feeling of contentment with who one is and their belonging in the universe. |
| Spiritual Distress | An uncomfortable feeling related to a questioning of life's meaning, the client's belief system, and anger toward a higher power or the universe. It produces distressing manifestations such as despair, anger, uncertainty, and fear. |
| Telemedicine | The provision of health care which includes diagnostic testing and monitoring through the use of telecommunication devices such as the internet. |
| Telehealth | The provision of both clinical and nonclinical aspects of health care delivery through the use of telecommunication devices such as the internet and telephone. |
| Advocacy | Speaking up for clients' needs when the clients are unable to speak for themselves, and supporting clients to make choices for their own health. |
| Medically Futile | Doing treatments that are not helpful because they will not provide a cure or extend life. |
| Palliative Care | A multidisciplinary care approach that is focused on the management of symptoms for chronic or life-threatening illnesses while maintaining the highest level of quality of life possible for the client. |
| Potentially Inappropriate Treatment | Treatment that is not appropriate for a client, meaning that it might not be futile, but it also might not be appropriate. |
| Quality of Life | The fulfillment of a client's purpose and meaning of life. |
| Client Education | An ongoing, goal-driven, interactive process that provides clients with new information. |
| Health Promotion | The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. |
| Cognitive Domain | The thinking domain; here, a client must think through the information presented to them and be able to comprehend the information. |
| The Six Stages of Cognitive Domain pt.1 | -Knowledge: recalling prior learned knowledge -Comprehension: understanding and interpretation of information -Application: the ability to use the data |
| The Six Stages of Cognitive Domain pt.2 | -Analysis: the breakdown of information to understand its structure -Synthesis: putting the elements together to create a new whole -Evaluation: deciding the ideal of the ideas |
| Affective Domain | One of three domains of learning involves the client's feelings, precisely their values, attitudes, and beliefs. |
| Psychomotor Domain | Involves the use of hands-on fine and gross motor skills. |
| The Five Stages of Psychomotor Domain pt.1 | -Guided response/imitation: The client observes and assists with stoma care. -Mechanism/manipulation: The client changes the pouch with instruction and supervision. -Complex/precision: The client changes the pouch independently. |
| The Five Stages of Psychomotor Domain pt.2 | -Adaptation/articulation: The client consistently changes the pouch without error. -Origination/naturalization: Changing the pouch becomes part of the client’s daily routine. |
| Fundamental Principles of Learning | -Relevance -Self-directed -Life-experience -Readiness -Task-centered -Motivation |
| Group Instruction | Involves two or more clients who are obtaining the same learning material simultaneously. |
| Individual Instruction | Occurs when the educational session engages only the learner and the teacher and is the most common form of client education. |
| Teach-Back | A technique to determine the client's level of understanding by having the client explain back to the nurse the information that was taught. |
| Cultural Diversity | Occurs within and among cultural groups and includes a multitude of factors impacting diversity such as age, sexual orientation, culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. |
| Self-Bias | Personal perception or stereotype regarding situations, people, or actions. |
| Assessment | The application of nursing knowledge to the collection, organization, validation, and documentation of data about a client's health status. The nurse thinks critically to perform a comprehensive assessment of subjective and objective information. |
| Analysis | The analysis of assessment data to identify health problems/risks and a client's needs for health intervention. |
| Planning | The planning step of the nursing process involves the nurse's ability to make decisions and problem-solve. The nurse uses a client s assessment data to develop measurable client goals/outcomes and identify nursing interventions. |
| SMART Outcome | Specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time. It allows the nurse to provide nursing care specific to the client's needs and enables the nurse to evaluate the client's accomplishments thoroughly. |
| Implementation | The application of nursing knowledge to implement interventions to assist a client to promote, maintain, or restore their health. |
| Evaluation | The evaluation of a client's response to nursing interventions and to reach a nursing judgment regarding the extent to which the client has met the goals and outcomes. |
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