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365 Exam 2
Term | Definition |
---|---|
diarrhea | passage of at least 3 liquid stools per day |
stool cultures | detect viral, bacterial or parasitic |
blood cultures for diarrhea | signs of sepsis, systemic infection |
bismuth subsalicylate | treats traveler's diarrhea |
fecal incontinence assessments | bowel patterns, skin damage |
hemorrhoids | result of valsalva maneuvers and compression from hard impacted stools |
food to prevent constipation | fruit, vegetables, grains; increased fiber of 20 to 30 grams, fluids and exercise |
acute abdominal problem | damage to organs leads to inflammation, infection, obstruction, bleeding and perforation |
abdominal pain | fetal position, inability to find comfort |
bisacodyl | stimulant laxative |
lupus treatment plasmapheresis side effects | hypotension and citrate toxicity |
HLA system | involves antigens responsible for rejection of unlike tissues |
crossmatch | best to perform to prevent rejection, determines existence of antibodies; uses serum from recipient mixed with donor lymphocytes |
all transplant patients | on lifelong immunosuppressants which increase their risk for infection |
hyperacute rejection | within 24 hours, transplant is removed |
acute rejection | first 6 months, treat with immunosuppressive therapy |
chronic rejection | months to years, irreversible |
calcineuron inhibitors | most effective, prevent cell mediated attack; tacromilus; nephrotoxicity |
corticosteroids | suppress inflammatory response; prednisone; can delay wound healing |
cytotoxic drugs | inhibit purine synthesis; mycophenalate mofetil can cause GI toxicity |
educate why rejection occurs | why it occurs, how it is treated, how often it occurs, when it occurs |
ileostomy output | liquid to thin paste since it did not enter the colon; involuntary; more susceptible to obstruction |
sigmoid colostomy | normal formed stool |
end stoma | dividing the bowel and bringing out proximal end; distal GI tract can be removed or oversewn |
oversewn distal GI tract | Hartman's pouch |
loop stoma | loop of bowel to abdominal surface and opening anterior wall to provide fecal diversion; one stoma proximal open for feces, distal opening for mucus drainage |
double barrel stoma | proximal stoma is functioning; distal stoma is mucous fistula |
diverticulitis signs and symptoms | LLQ pain, distention, decreased BS, N/V |
diverticulitis diagnosis | CT with oral contrast, CBC, Xray |
hernias | likely occur in men - 25% chance |
strangulated hernias | vomiting and cramping, distention and pain |
laprascopic surgery for a hernia | herniorrhaphy; measure I&O, may retain urine and have distended bladder; scrotal edema |
most common symptom of GERD | heartburn |
hiatal herna medical emergency | rolling; slips through diaphragm |
hiatal hernia symptoms | heartburn, regurgitation |
H2 blocker | decrease acid production in stomach |
gastric ulcers | high epigastric pain; 1 to 2 hours after meal, burning or gaseous; food worsens |
duodenal ulcers | mid epigastric, beneath xiphoid process pain occurs 2 to 5 hours after eating; food buffers and helps with burning and cramp like; small intestine |
endoscopy | diagnosis for an ulcer |
perforation | most lethal ulcer complication; rigid and boardlike abdomen |
gastric outlet obstruction | constipation; scar tissue formation, edema, dilation; worsening pain at the end of the day as stomach fills and dilates |
risk for peptic ulcer disease | NSAID and corticosteroids |
airborne precaution | organism suspended through the air; TB, rubeola |
droplet precaution | organism spread through close contact in air; influenza, pertussis, bacterial meningitis |
contact precaution | direct or indirect contact with organism; MRSA, VRE, C diff |
HIV symptoms | persistent fever, night sweats, diarrhea, headache, fatigue |
HIV symptomatic | CD4 less than 500 |
AIDS | CD4 less than 200, presence of an opportunistic infection |
antiretroviral therapy | suppress HIV replication, prevent opportunistic diseases, decrease chance of transmission, delay symptoms, decrease viral load |
peritonitis | rebound abdominal pain, pain worsens with movement |
crohn's disease | any segment of GI tract from mouth to anus; cobblestone appearance |
ulcerative colitis | only affects colon and rectum; can lead to megacolon |
LINX for GERD | magnets strengthen LES; no MRI |
coffee ground blood | slow bleed, stomach acid changes color |
hematemesis | most unstable |
melena, black | gone through digestive tract, in stool |
bright red | above stomach, high in GI tract |
BUN GI bleed | increased protein breakdown with significant bleeding |
4 signs of obstruction | abdominal pain, bloating or distention, constipation and vomiting |
appendicitis pain | dull, periumbilical; RLQ Mcburney's point; low grade fever |
gold standard diagnostic for appendicitis | CT |
diverticulitis nursing intervention | maintain NPO, nasogastric tube |
peptic ulcer disease | PPI administration, endoscopy preparation, aspirin administration; avoid NSAID |
SLE treatment | prednisone, ibuprofen, methotrexate; anti inflammatory and NSAID |
highest priority after ileostomy | maintain fluid and electrolyte balance |
manifestations of urinary tract infection | fever, agitation, urinary frequency |
risk factor for gastritis | use of NSAID, H pylori |