Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
NSG101 Oxygenation
Chapter 35 Wilkinson
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nares | oval openings at the base of the nose |
| Turbinates | bony projections on the lateral walls of each nasal cavity that increase the surface area on that more blood vessels are available to warm, humidify, and filter the inhaled air |
| Pharynx | passageway for air from the nasal cavity to the larynx |
| nasopharynx | upper portion of the pharynx that is above the soft palate. It has openings to the posterior nares and the eustachian tubes |
| adenoids | lymphatic tissue forming a porminence on the wall of the pharyngeal recess of the nasopharynx |
| glottis | sound-producing apparatus of the larynx consisting of the two vocal cords and the intervening space |
| epiglottis | uppermost cartilage of the larynx, located immediately posterior to the root of the tongue. It covers the enterance of the larynx when the individual swallows, preventing food or liquids from entering the airway |
| lower respiratory tract | located below the larynx, includes the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. It is considered sterile |
| upper respiratory tract | located above the larynx, includes the nasal passages, mouth, and pharynx. it is considered clean |
| trachea | supported by horseshoe-shaped rings of cartilage that keep it from collapsing during inhalation, lies just under the skin of the anterior neck. Divides to from the right and left main stem bronchi |
| surfactant | a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension within alveoli and prevents their walls from adhering together produced by the type 2 alveolar cells. Adequate levels are key to allowing the alveoli to inflate during breathing |
| atelectasis | alveolar collapse. Anything that reduces ventilation (eg tumor, obstructed airway) can cause atelectasis |
| diaphragm | major muscle of breathing. when it contracts with each inhalation, the chest cavity is pulled downward. when the diaphragm relaxes, exhalation occurs |
| accessory muscles | muscles that are recruited to increase ventilation by patients with labored breathing. The use of these muscles represents an abnormal or labored breathing pattern and is a sign of respiratory distress |
| Hemoptysis | expectoration of blood that arises from the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs. Small amounts may occur during acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and cancers of the lung. |
| Pack years | 1 pack= smoking 20 cigarettes a day for 1 year |
| ADLs | tasks performed by individuals in a typical day that allow independent living (feeding, dressing, hygiene, physical mobility) |
| Orthopnea | labored breathing that occurs when lying flat and improves when standing or sitting up. Symptom or left ventricular heart failure |
| Tripod position | may be assumed during respiratory distress to facilitate the use of respiratory accessory muscles. The patient sits, leaning forward, with hands placed on the bed or a table with arms braced |
| fremitus | vibratory tremors espically those felt through the chest wall by palpation |
| Pneumothorax | air in the pleural cavity, resulting in lung collapse. Caused by a BLEB (COPD), thoracentesis, secondary infection. Diagnosed by chest x-ray, ABGs. Symptoms: rapid pulse, low BP, dyspnea, anxiety, tachycardia, pleural pain |
| Crepitus | crackling or rattling sound made by part of the body, either spontaneously or during physical examination |
| Tactile vocal fremitus | vibration or thrill felt while the patient is speaking and the hand is held against the chest |
| pleural effusion | fluid in the thoracic cavity between the visceral and parietal pleura |
| Bronchial | pertaining to the bronchi or bronchioles |
| Bronchovesicular | pertaining to the bronchial tubes and alveoli |
| diaphragmatic excursions | the movement of the diaphragm from its level during full exhalation to its level during full inhalation during respiration. Normal is 5-7 cm bilaterally in adults |
| adventitious sounds | abnormal lung sounds heard when listening to the chest as the person breaths. may be wheezes, crackles, or stridor. Do not include sounds produced by muscular activity or friction of the stethoscope |
| Bronchophony | abnormal increase in tone and clarity in vocal resonance |
| conductivity | specific electric conducting ability of a substance |
| SA node | sinatrial node which acts as the pacemaker in the right atrium. initiates an impulse that triggers each heartbeat |
| diastole | the period of cardiac muscle relaxation alternating in the cardiac cycle with systole (contraction). During diastole, the cardiac muscle fibers lengthen and the chambers fill with blood |
| systole | contraction of the chambers of the heart. The myocardial fibers shorten, making the chamber smaller and forcing blood out |
| Cardiac output | the amount of the blood discharged from the left or right ventricle per minute. Average adult at rest is 3.0L/ sq m of body surface area each minute. Determined by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate |
| heart rate | number of heartbeats per unit of time |
| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle at each heartbeat. Varies with age, sex, and exercise. Average 60-80 mL |
| Preload | the end-diastolic stretch of a heart muscle fiber. Estimated by measuring the central venous pressure or the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
| afterload | the forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart |
| contractility | the force with which left ventriular ejection occurs. It is independent of the effects or preload or afterload |
| artery | a vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissue. It has thick, elastic walls that allow them to stretch during systole and to recoil during diastole |
| arteriole | a minute artery, espically one that leads into a capillary. The walls or arterioles are primarily smooth muscle. They constrict or dialate to vary the amount of blood flowing into capillaries and help maintain blood pressure |
| vein | a vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. It is thin, muscular but inelastic walls that collapse easily. Walls contract or relax in response to feedback from the sympathetic nervous system: when blood volume is low, veins contract. |
| venule | a tiny vein continuous with a capillary |
| autonomic nervous system | helps regulate cardiovascular function through influence on heart rate, cardiac muscle contractility, vasular tone. In heart sympathetic fibers stimulate the heart to beat faster while parasympathetic fibers slow heart rate. |
| baroreceptors | located in walls of heart and blood vessles; sensitive to pressure changes; help in regulation of heart rate and vascular tone; send messages to brain stem centers ton increase heart rate and induce vasoconstriction when there is a small drop i pressure |
| chemoreceptors | located in aortic arch and carotid arteries; sensitive no changes in blood pH, oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels; regulate ventilation and send info to vasomotor center response to lack of oxygen |
| hypercapnia | increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood, levels greater than 45-50 mm Hg. Results from inadequate ventilation or from massive mismatches between ventilation and perfusion in blood. s/s dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, tremors, twitching. |
| Renin-amgoptemtopms-aldosterone system | when fluid volume decreases, receptors in glomeruli respond to decreased perfusion of kidneys by releasing renin. Aldosterone promotes reabsorption of sodium and exretion of potassium in distal tubules of kidneys |
| risk factors | dev state, environment, stress, allergic reactions, air quality, altitude, heat/cold, pregnancy , occupation hazards, nutrition, obesity, smoking, substance abuse |
| overweight | respiratory infections are caused by the prevention of full chest expansion leading to hypoventilation and dyspnea on exertion. |
| dyspnea | trouble breathing |
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | sudden attacks of shortness of breath that usually occurs when patients are asleep in bed. PND is classic symptom of left ventricular failure |
| palpations | sensation of rapid or irregular beating of the heart |
| syncope | transient (usually sudden)loss of consciousness, accompanied by an inability to maintain upright posture |
| cyanosis | blue, gray, slate, dk purple discoloration of skin or mucous membranes caused by deoxygenated or reduced hemoglobin of the blood. Found most often in hypoxemic patients |
| Central cyanosis | bluish discoloration of the digits |
| peripheral cyanosis | bluish discoloration of mucous membranes in the mouth, indicating hypoxemia and respiratory failure |
| rubor | discoloration or redness caused by inflammation |
| clubbing | enlarged terminal phalanx of the finger. may be present in COPD, cyanotic congenital heart disease |
| prehypertension | having a systolic BP between 120-140 mm Hg or a diastolic BP between 80-90 mm Hg. increased risk of strokes, heart attacks, kidney failure |
| hypertension | BP higher than 140mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic on 3 separate readings. Major risk factor for CAD, heart failure, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, kidney failure, retinopathy |
| Postural hypotension | orthostatic hypotension; hypotension occuring when person assumes upright position after getting up from bed/chair |
| Paradoxical BP | decrease in strength of systolic BP during inspiration |
| JVD | jugular venous distention |
| Pulsus alternans | weak pulse alternating with strong pulse |
| bruits | adventitous sound of venous or arterial origin heard on auscultation |
| apical pulse | pulse felt or heard over the apex of heart |
| heaves | vomiting |
| lifts | raises or elevates |
| thrills | an abnormal tremor accompanying a vascular or cardiac murmur felt on palpation |
| gallops | an extra heart sound, typically heard during diastole |
| murmurs | abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels |
| paricardial friction rub | distinct sound heard when two dry surfaces are rubbing together |
Created by:
1595379027
Popular Nursing sets