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Human Body Exam3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes up the upper tract of the respiratory system? | Upper tract- nose, pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) & larynx |
| What makes up the lower tract of the respiratory system? | Lower tract-trachea, bronchial tree & lungs |
| Function of mucus | Air purification mechanism that traps inhaled irritants such as dust and pollen, etc., movement is controlled by the ciliary escalator |
| Function of the respiratory system | Through the process of pulmonary ventilation, the respiratory system ensures that oxygen is supplied to the blood, through the capillaries on the alveoli and carbon dioxide is removed from the body's cells |
| Organs of the respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs |
| Respiratory control Center | The brainstem (pons & medulla) |
| Diffusion | The mode for gas exchange that occurs through inhalation and expiration |
| Tonsils | formed ring of lymphoid tissue around the throat Pharyngeal tonsils and openings of auditory tubes open into the nasopharynx Lingual and palatine tonsils found in the oropharynx tonsillitis- inflammation of the tonsils |
| Larynx | Located below the pharynx, also called the voice box (glottis is the space between the cords) Nine pieces of cartilage form framework -Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) is the largest Epiglottis partially covers opening into the larynx |
| Upper Respiratory disorders | Rhinitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis deviated septum, epitaxis |
| Pulmonary Volumes | Tidal Volume, Vital Capacity, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Residual Volume *review definitions as well |
| Lower Respiratory disorders | Bronchitis, Pneumonia |
| Treating genetic diseases | Most current treatments for genetic diseases are based on relieving or avoiding symptoms rather than attempting a cure |
| Genetics | -the scientific study of biological inheritance -certain inherited traits can produce diseases, such as malignant hyperthermia (a disease causing hyperthermia and muscle rigidity when exposed to certain anesthetics) |
| Sex Linked traits | The large X chromosome (female chromosome) contains genes for female sexual characteristics The small y chromosome (male chromosome) contains only genes for male sexual characteristics |
| Chromosomal Diseases | -result from chromosome breakage or from nondisjunction ( failure of a chromosome pair to separate during gamete formation) -ex: Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) -can be detected utilizing a karyotype |
| Single Gene diseases | Cystic Fibrosis |
| Gene Therapy | manipulates genes to cure genetic problems, began with children who had Adenosine Deminase (ADA) deficiency |
| Heart Chambers | Two upper chambers- atria (receive blood) Two lower chambers-ventricles (dispense blood) |
| Heart Action | Systole-contraction of the heart Diastole-relaxation of the heart |
| Types of Blood Vessels | Arteries & arterioles- carry blood away from the heart and toward the capillaries Capillaries- carry blood from the arterioles to the venules Veins & venules- carry blood toward the heart and away from the capillaries |
| Heart Valves | Keep blood flowing through the heart, preventing backflow |
| Fluid Compartments | Plasma Interstitial fluid intracellular fluid perioneal fluid |
| Lymphatic System | Contains the lymphatic fluid (lymph), lymphatic vessels and many lymph organs (lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, spleen) - |
| Lymphoma | malignant tumor of the lymph nodes, 2 types 1.Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma -both types cause painless enlargement of the lymph nodes, can spread to other body areas |
| Spleen | -largest lymphoid organ in the RUQ, acts as a blood and monocyte reservoir as well as providing phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBCs |
| Immune System | protects the body from pathological bacteria, foreign tissue cells and cancerous cells -made up of defensive cells & molecules by 2 main strategies 1. Innate (nonspecific) defenses 2. Adaptive (specific) defenses |
| Innate Immunity | -born with it (no prior exposure needed), also called nonspecific immunity because it includes mechanisms that act generally against any type of damage or threatening agent |
| Adaptive Immunity | -also called specific immunity because it responds to particular antigens to which it has been exposed |
| Types of Adaptive Immunity | Natural - exposure to the agent is not deliberate -includes active & passive immunity Artifical-exposure to the agent is deliberate |
| T-Cells | -agents of adaptive immunity that produce a cell-mediated immunity |
| Renal Hormones | Aldosterone- a mineralcorticoid that causes sodium to increase and potassium to decrease Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- decreasing the amount of urine output |
| Urinary Disorders | Retention Incontinence Cystitis Anuria |
| Parts of the Kidney | Renal cortex, glomerulus, Bowman capsule, Proximal & Distal convoluted tubules |
| Renal function | - organs in maintaining homeostasis -most effective regulator of pH - |
| Thermoregulation | -loss of heat from the body can occur through radiation, conduction, evaporation, convection -inability to regulate body temperature can cause hypothermia, hyperthermia, heat stroke (sunstroke) |
| Scurvy | a disease caused by severe lack of vitamins in the body |
| Parts of the Tooth | Crown, Neck, root |
| Metabolism | Total Metabolic Rate Basal Metabolic Rate |
| Parts of the colon | Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid segments |
| Mechanical Digestion | Begins in the mouth, also known as mastication |
| Nutrition | energy yieldling nutrients, vitamins and minerals that are ingested and assimilated into the body -includes the processes of metabolism, catabolism, anabolism |
| Alimentary canal | involved in the digestion & absorption of nutrients -made up of 4 layers-mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| Small Intestine | divided into 3 areas called the jejunum, ileum and duodenum |
| Food pathway | After chewing food into a bolus, it passes through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach and duodenum |
| Eating Disorders | Anorexia & Bulemia |
Created by:
ksalamone1
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