Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Human Body
Nursing foundations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts | Anatomy |
| Study of functions of living organisms and their parts | Physiology |
| Scientific study of disease | Pathology |
| Observations and previous experiences are which step in the scientific method. | First |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | propose hypothesis, design experiment, collect and analyze data, determine bias, refine hypothesis, repeat experiments, accept as theory, accept as law |
| If data is biased, should we redesign the experiment? | yes |
| When do you need to redesign your hypothesis | results not repeatable |
| When does a theory turn into a law? | high level of confidence |
| What determines a theory? | results being consistent. |
| Organization is the _____ ______________ characteristic of ____ structure | most important , body |
| Levels of Organization smallest to most complex | Atoms, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems |
| Atoms and molecules | consists of chemical life |
| Smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals | Cells |
| Tissues: Organizations of similar _____ | Cells |
| Organizations of different kinds of tissues | Tissues |
| Organizations of many different kinds of organs | Systems |
| body is standing erect with the feet slightly apart and arms at the sides with palms turned forward | Anatomical Position |
| Anatomical position gives meaning to ____________ terms | Directional |
| Superior: Toward the _______ , upper, _________ | Head , Above |
| Toward the feet, lower, below | Inferior |
| Anterior | Front, in front of, ventral |
| Back, in back of | Posterior: |
| Medial: Toward the ________ of a structure | Medial: Toward the midline of a structure |
| Away from the midline or toward the side of a structure | Lateral |
| Toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure | Proximal |
| Distal | Away from or farthest from the trunk,or farthest from a structure’s point of origin |
| Superficial: _______ the body surface | Nearer |
| Farther away from the body surface | Deep |
| Sagittal plane: Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into _____ and ____ sections | Sagittal plane: Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections |
| Sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves | Midsagittal plane |
| Frontal (coronal) plane | Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections |
| Transverse plane: Horizontal plane that divides a structure into _____ and _____ sections | Transverse plane: Horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections |
| Dorsal cavity consists of? | Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity |
| The space inside the skull that contains the brain | Cranial cavity |
| Spinal cavity | The space inside the spinal column |
| Thoracic cavity, Mediastinum, Pleural cavities, and Abdominopelvic cavity are a part of? | Ventral cavity |
| Midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea located in | Mediastinum |
| Right ____ located in right _______ cavity; left ____ in left _______ cavity | Right lung located in right pleural cavity; left lung in left pleural cavity |
| Abdominopelvic cavity consists of | Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity |
| Contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen | Abdominal cavity |
| Pelvic cavity consists of | reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine |
| 2 types of Abdominopelvic regions | Four quadrants and Nine Regions |
| what are the Nine regions located along the diaphram? | Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region, |
| what is the middle section of the nine regions? | Right lumbar (flank) region, Umbilical region, Left lumbar (flank) region |
| What of the nine sections are located in the pelvic cavity? | Right Iliac (inguinal) region, Hypogastric (pubic) region, Left Iliac (inguinal) region. |
| What are the 4 quadrants | Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), Right lower quadrant (LLQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ) |
| Head, neck, and torso or trunk are apart of | Axial region |
| Appendicular region consists of | Upper and lower extremities (arm and leg) |
| What are the head bones | Cranial , Temporal, Cephalic |
| head | Cephalic |
| Temporal | Side of skull |
| Upper skull | Cranial |
| what are the cephalic divisions | Cranial and Facial |
| Face | Facial |
| what are the facial bones | Orbital, Nasal, Zygomatic, Buccal, and oral |
| what bones consists in the cranial | Frontal |
| Forehead bone is | frontal |
| Eyeball bone | Orbital |
| Nose bone | nasal |
| upper cheek bone | Zygomatic |
| Buccal bone | lower cheek |
| Mouth bone | Oral |
| What bone pertains to the neck | Cervical |
| what are the upper extremitiy Appendicular divisions | Carpal, Antebrachial, Cubital, Supraclavicular, Brachial, Digitals/ phalageal, Olecranial |
| What are the lower extremity appendicular divisions? | Femoral, Crural, Tarsal, Digital, Pedal, Popliteal, Plantar,Glutteal |
| Survival of the ___________ and of the ____ that make up the body is of the utmost importance | Survival of the individual and of the genes that make up the body is of the utmost importance |
| Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of | Homeostasis |
| Feedback loops involve a _______ , a _______ _______, and an ________ | Feedback loops involve a sensor, a control center, and an effector |
| The body uses ________ feedback loops and, less often, _________ feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis | Negative and Posistive |
| Ability to maintain balance of body functions is related to | age |
| young adulthood | Peak efficiency of homeostasis occurs |
| diminishing efficiency occurs | after young adulthood |
| All _______ function to maintain homeostasis | organs |
| Structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues that can together perform a more complex function than a single tissue | Organ |
| Organ system | Group of organs that perform a more complex function than can any organ alone |
| Integumentary System | the skin |
| Integumentary System skin appendages | hair, nails, microscopic sesnse receptors, sweat glands, and oil glands |
| Protection, regulation of body temperature, synthesis of chemicals , and sense organs are apart of | Integumentary System Functions |
| Bones, Cartilage, ligaments, and joints are apart of | Skeletal System |
| connects and cushions joined bones | Cartilage |
| Ligaments | Bands of fibrous tissue that hold bones together |
| Joints | Connections between bones that make movement possible |
| Skeletal System Functions | Support framework, protection of brain and internal organs, movement, storage of minerals, and formation of blood cells |
| Muscular System Structure | Muscles |
| Voluntary or straited, Involuntary or smooth | Types of muscle structure |
| Muscular System Functions | Movement |
| Skeletomuscular system: Combination of the __________ and __________ systems | Skeletomuscular system: Combination of the skeletal and muscular systems |
| Central nervous system is apart of | Nervous System |
| Brain and Spinal cord are in which nervous system | Central |
| Peripheral nervous system consists of | Cranial nerves and their branches, Spinal nerves and their branches, Sense organs |
| Nervous system consists of | Central Nervous System and Peripheral nervous system |
| The functions of the nervous system consists of | Communication between body organs, Integration of body functions, Control of body functions, and Recognition of sensory stimuli |
| Pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes are apart of the | Endocrine System Structure |
| Which system has a faster control and duration | Nervous System |
| Which systems have similar functions? | Nervous and Endocrine |
| The hear and the blood vessels are apart of the | Cardiovascular System |
| Cardiovascular system also known as ___________ system | Circulatory |
| Combination of Nervous and Endocrine | Neuroendocrine |
| Name the functions of the cardiovascular system | Transportation of substances, regulation of body temperature, and immunity |
| Body defense is known as | Immunity |
| Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes and tonsils, thymus, and the spleen occupy the | Lymphatic System |
| Transporting of lymph and immunity are key functions to what system? | Lymphatic System |
| ______ system consists of Phagocytes, Secretory cells, and protein compounds | Immune |
| Protective cells are | Phagocytes |
| Secretory cells | Defensive protein compounds |
| Antibodies and Complements are | Protein compounds |
| Protein compounds are known as | secretory cells |
| Immune system Functions | phagocytosis of bacteria, chemical reactions |
| provide protection from harmful agents | chemical reactions |
| Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs are apart of the | Respiratory System |
| Respiratory System Functions | Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs, Filtration of irritants from inspired air, and Regulation of acid-base balance |
| Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, and Anal canal are apart of the | Digestive System |
| Form alimentary canal, or gastrointestinal tract are the | primary organs |
| Accessory organs of the digestive process | Teeth, Salivary glands, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and appendix |
| Mechanical and Chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of undigested waste product, and appendix holds bacteria that assist digestion are apart of | Digestive System |
| Feces are | Elimination of undigested waste product |
| Urinary system consists of | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| the urethra is involved in _______ and ____________ systems for ______ | urinary, reproductive, males |
| "Clearing" or cleaning blood of waste products is involved in which system | Urinary |
| urinary system performs | Electrolyte balance, water balance, and acid-base balance |
| Which gender has Gonads (testes), Vas Deferens, Urethra, Prostate, and penis and scrotum | Male Reproductive system |
| Female Reproductive System consist of | Gonads (ovaries), Uterus, Uterine (fallopian tubes), Vagina, Vulva, and Mammary glands (breasts) |
| What are the External genitalia for the Reproductive System | Vulva, penis, scrotum |
| Which is an accessory organ in the reproductive system | mammary glands (breast) |
| survival of genes, production of sex cells, transfer and fertilization of sex cells, development and birth of offspring, Nourishment of offspring, and production of sex hormones are | Function of Reproductive System |
| male sex cell | sperm |
| ova | female sex cell |
| there are __ body systems | 11 |
| All body systems function independently without the need for other systems True or False? | False |
| All body systems are structurally and functionally ____________ and ______________ | Interrelated and Interdependent |
| Homeostasis can be maintained only by the coordinated and carefully regulated functioning of ____ body systems | All |
| Loss of function in ________ organs is not immediately life-threatening | nonvital |
| Loss of function in_____ organs is immediately life-threatening | Vital |
| Which organ replacement uses prostheses | Nonvital organ replacement |
| Vital organ transplantation, surgical transplants, free-flap surgeries, and stem cell treatments are | Organ replacements |
| examples of protheses | Contact lens, Pacemaker, Artificial heart pumps, Insulin Infusion device, Artificial joints, Dialysis Machine, Artificial arm arm and hand, and Cochlear implant |
| Dialysis machine replaces which organ? | Kidney |
| A Cochlear implant replaces which organ? | Ear |
| A pancreas protheses is a(n) | Insulin infusion device |
| Smallest unit of matter | Atom |
| Nucleus | Central core of atom |
| Proton: ________ charged particle in nucleus | Proton: Positively charged particle in nucleus |
| Uncharged particle in nucleus | Neutron |
| Atomic number | Number of protons in nucleus |
| Atomic mass: Number of _______ and _______ combined | protons and neutrons |
| Orbital regions surrounding atomic nucleus that contain electrons. | Energy Levels |
| Electron: __________ charged particle | Negatively |
| Energy levels may contain max of _ electrons | 8 |
| Energy level _________ the farther away it is from the nucleus | Increases |
| Pure substance; made up of only one kind of atom | Element |
| Molecule | Group of atoms bound together in a group |
| Compound: Substances whose molecules have ____ than ____ kind of atom | Compound: Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom |
| form to make atoms more stable | Chemical Bonding |
| Atoms may _____ electrons or ______ or ______ them to become stable | Atoms may share electrons or donate or borrow them to become stable |
| Ions | form when an atom gains or loses electrons in its outer energy level to become stable |
| Has lost electrons; indicated by superscript positive sign(s), as in Na+ or Ca++ | Positive ion |
| Negative ion | Has gained electrons; indicated by superscript negative sign(s), as in Cl− |
| Ionic Bond | Electrons are taken or given to become stabled |
| form when positive and negative (oppositely charged) ions attract each other | Ionic Bonds |
| Molecule that dissociates (breaks apart) in water to form individual ions. | Electrolyte |
| form when atoms share their outer energy ions to complete the energy level and thus become stable | Covalent bonds |
| Which bond does not disassociate in water | Covalent bonds |
| used to form all the major organic compounds found in the body | Covalent bonding |
| A bond that does not create new molecules | Hydrogen bond |
| Hydrogen bonds _______ bond to neighboring molecules | weakly |
| Hydrogen bonds are ________ in water, DNA, and proteins | present |
| Organic molecules contain ______-carbon covalent bonds and/or carbon-________. covalent bonds | carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen |
| Which chemistry does not contain carbon-carbon | Inorganic chemistry |
| Inorganic or Organic have larger and more complex molecules? | Organic |
| Water is an _________ compound essential to life | inorganic |
| Water is a solvent. True or False? | True |
| what is a forming aqueous solutions in the body | Water |
| Water is involved in ________ reactions | chemical |
| what are water chemical reactions? | Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis, |
| show how reactants interact to form products | Chemical equations |
| What separates the reactants from the product? | arrows |
| Chemical reactions _______ involve energy transfers | Always |
| What side of the arrow does the reactant lie on? | Left side |
| What side of the arrow does the product lie on | Right side |
| in Dehydration synthesis what side is water on? | the product side |
| In hydrolysis what side is water on? | the reactant side |
| Substance that shifts the H+/OH − balance in favor of H+; opposite of base | Acid |
| What are Bases? | Substance that shifts the H+/OH − balance against H+; also known as an alkaline; opposite of acid |
| Mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration in an aqueous solution | PH |
| neutral PH is | 7.0 |
| PH values less than 7.0 are | Acidic |
| Basic | PH value higher than 7.1 |
| Acidic examples are | Stomach acid, Orange juice, Vaginal secretions, black coffee, urine |
| Blood, semen, pancreatic juice, milk of magnesia, household ammonia are | Examples of Alkalinity |
| Acidic PH is high in | Hydrogen ions |
| Hydroxyl ions are high and Hydrogen ions are low in | Alkalinity |
| occurs when acids and bases mix and form salts | Neutralization |
| chemical system that absorb excess acids or bases and thus maintain a relatively stable pH | Buffer |
| What is made of | sugars |
| Carbohydrates are made up of | carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) |
| Monosaccharides | Basic unit of carbohydrate molecules |
| Glucose is what type of saccharide | Monosaccharides |
| Disaccharide | Double sugar made up of two monosaccharide units |
| sucrose and lactose are exaples of | Disaccharide |
| Polysaccharide | Complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharide units |
| Glycogen is a ______________ | Polysaccharide |
| Formed by a glycerol unit and joined to three fatty acids | Triglycerides |
| What stores energy for later use | Triglycerides |
| have phosphorus-containing units—each with a head and two tails | Phospholipids |
| The head of a Phospholipids attracts _____ | water |
| the double tail of Phospholipids does attract water. True or False | False, it does not only the head |
| ______________ form membranes of cells | Phospholipids |
| Cholesterol Molecules | a steroid structure made up of multiple rings |
| Cholesterol stabilizes the phospholipid _____ in cellular membranes | Stabilizes the phospholipid tails in cellular membranes |
| Cholesterol coverts into ___________ by the body | Cortisol |
| Very large molecules made up of amino acids held together in long, folded chains by peptide bonds | Proteins |
| Structural proteins perform | Form essential structures of the body |
| Collagen is a _______ _______ that holds many tissues together | Fibrous Protein |
| What forms tough, waterproof fibers in the outer layer of the skin | Keratin |
| Protein structure is a sequence of amino acids in a chain is which level of protein | Primary Level of protein formation |
| Secondary Level of protein formation | Protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acids chain |
| Which level consists of protein structures is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to form a larger 3-dimensional structure | Tertiary (third level) of protein formation |
| Quaternary level of protein formation consists of | Protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain |
| Participate in chemical processes of the body are | Functional Proteins |
| Functional Proteins can be? | hormones, cell membrane channels and receptors, and enzymes |
| What are chemical catalysts? | Enzymes |
| Enzymes or Proteins help chemical reactions occur? | Enzymes |
| Isotope action sometimes called lock-and-key model. True or False | False; Enzyme action action sometimes called lock-and-key model |
| Nucleic Acids | Made up of nucleotides |
| Consists of a phosphate unit, a sugar, and a nitrogen base are | Nucleotides |
| Ribose and deoxyribose are _____ molecules | sugar |
| What are some nitrogen bases? | Adenine, Thymine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid stands for? | DNA |
| Which acid is "master code" for assembling proteins, and forms a double helix? | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| DNA nitrogen bases are? | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G) |
| Each nucleotide consists of | Nitrogen base, Phosphate, 5-carbon sugar |
| DNA is an example of what type of bonding? | Hydrogen Bonding |
| RNA stands for? | Ribonucleic Acid |
| What acid is a temporary "working code" of a gene? | RNA |
| Which acid conatins A, U, C, and G | Ribonucleic Acid |
| Adenosine Triphosphate stands for | ATP |
| ATP breakdowns _______ to _______ processes | nutrient and cellular |
| ATP is responsible for | Energy |
| Adenosine and a Phosphate group with High-energy bonds consists in | ATP |
| Size and Shapes differ in? | Cells |
| Some cells are microscopic. True or false? | False; All |
| Substance found only in cells | cytoplasm |
| What are specialized structures within the cytoplasm? | Organelles |
| plasma membrane does? | Forms outer boundary of cell |
| What is composed of a thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteins? | Plasma Membrane |
| plasma membrane is selectively _________ | Permeable |
| What is the Internal living material of cells? | Cytoplasm |
| Which plasma fills space between plasma membrane and nucleus? Plasma membrane or Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm |
| organelles | Numerous small structures |
| Which organelle are protein factories? | Ribosomes |
| Ribosomes manufacture _______ and other protein compounds | enzymes |
| Which organelle is made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA? | Ribosomes |
| May attach to rough ___________ ________ (ER) or lie free in _________ | rough endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasm |
| Which organelle is the network of connecting sacs and canals and the function of carrying substances through fluid cytoplasm? | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
| Rough and smooth are _____ of ___________ _________ | types; Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Rough ER functions | collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes |
| Which ER synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane | Smooth |
| Golgi Apparatus | Group of flattened sacs near the nucleus |
| Which organelle is chemical processing and packaging center | Golgi Apparatus |
| Which orgenelle collects chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to plasma membrane | Golgi Apparatus |
| Proteins assembled by ribosomes are folded in the ER and pinch off in membrane vesicles are what step of Cell's protein export system | The first step |
| What is step 3 in the Cell's protein export system? | Entering the Golgi chamber, a protein undergoes chemical modifications and moves by a vesicle from chamber to chamber for further processing. |
| What is the 2 step in protein export system? | ER vesicles move to the Glogi apparatus for processing and packaging |
| The vesicle "pops open" at the cell surface to release its contents into the space outside the cell is which step in protein export? | The 5th step |
| In the 4th step of protein export processed _________ are packaged in a membranous _______ that pinches off and is pulled to the _______ of the cell | molecules; vesicle; surface |
| which organelle is composed of inner and outer membranous sacks | Mitochondria |
| Mitochondria contains ___ DNA molecule | one |
| Mitochondria is Involved with ______-________ chemical reactions | energy-releasing |
| Cell death | Apoptosis |
| Lysosomes eat ________ | microbes |
| thought to be responsible for apoptosis | Lysosomes |
| Membranous-walled organelles | Lysosomes |
| _______ contain digestive enzymes | Lysosomes |
| Centrosome serves as ___________-organizing center of cell | microtubule |
| found within centrosome | Centrioles |
| Centrioles function in cell ____________ | reproduction |
| Where is the centrosome found? | Region of cytoplasm near nucleus |
| Microvilli is? | Small, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane |
| Microvilli, Cilia, and Flagella are examples of? | Cell Extensions |
| Which Cell Extensions increase absorptive surface area of the cell? | Microvilli |
| Capable of moving in unison in a wavelike fashion | Cilia |
| Cilia is fine, __________ extensions found on free or exposed surfaces of some cells | hairlike |
| Single projections extending from cell surfaces | Flagella |
| Flagella is smaller than cilia. True or False | False; Much larger than cilia |
| only example of flagella in humans | sperm cells |
| another term for Cilicum | Microvilli |
| Dense region of nuclear material | Nucleolus |
| Nucleus is surrounded by nuclear ________ | envelope |
| This organelle is made up of two separate membranes and has nuclear pores? Nucleus or Nucleolus? | The Nucleus |
| Controls cell because it contains DNA, the genetic code—instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function | Nucleus |
| What are the component structures of the nucleus? | nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin granules |
| DNA molecules tightly coiled during cell division are called? | Chromosomes |
| Each cell has 46 chromosomes in the nucleus? True or False? | True |
| Specialized functions of a cell differ depending on ______ and type of _________ | Specialized functions of a cell differ depending on number and type of organelles |
| What are some functions of the human cell? | Some help maintain the cell and others regulate life processes of the body itself |
| Passive Transport __ ___ require added energy | does not |
| Movement down a concentration gradient | Passive Transport |
| Diffusion | Substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space. |
| Movement from high to low concentration is which passive transport? | Diffusion |
| Osmosis is the transport of? | water |
| Dialysis is the transport of? | solids |
| Movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane is the process of? | Filtration |
| Filtration is responsible for _____ formation. | urine |
| Which transport occurs only in living cells? | Active Transport Processes |
| Active Transport __ ___ require added energy. | does |
| Active Transport requires energy from _________ _____________ | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Ion Pumps is an example of which transport? | Active Transport |
| Movement of substances is “up the concentration gradient” is? | Active Transport |
| Ion pumps use energy from ___ to move substances across cell membranes _______ their concentration gradients | ATP; against |
| A protein complex in the cell membrane is called? | Ion Pumps |
| Examples of Ion pumps | Sodium-potassium pump and calcium pump |
| what are active transport mechanisms that require cell energy? | Phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
| a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria? | Phagocytosis |
| Pinocytosis is used to? | incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells |
| Cystic fibrosis is? | abnormally thick secretions in the airways and digestive ducts, results from failed Cl− (chloride ion) transport |
| A bacterial infection that causes Cl− and water to leak from cells lining the intestines, resulting in severe diarrhea and water loss | Cholera |
| Adenine-thymine or cytosine-guanine are? | Complementary base pairing |
| A _____ is a specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome. | gene |
| Sequence of base pairs determines heredity is a(n)? | Genetic code |
| Coded information in genes controls? | protein and enzyme production |
| _______ facilitate chemical reactions | Enzymes |
| Cellular chemical reactions determine cell _________ and ________ | structure and function |
| DNA: Contained in cell ______. | nucleus |
| Protein synthesis occurs in the? | Cytoplasm |
| Process of transferring genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm? | Protein synthesis |
| Protein synthesis requires completion of ______________ and ___________. | Transcription and Translation |
| mRNA stands for? | Messenger RNA |
| Double-stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA. True or False? | True |
| Each strand of mRNA ___________ a particular gene (base-pair sequence) from a segment of DNA | duplicates |
| Which molecules pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and direct protein synthesis in ribosomes? | mRNA |
| Translation involves | synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes |
| Translation requires use of information contained in _____. | mRNA |
| Codon is? | Series of three nucleotide bases that act as a code for a specific amino acid |
| Abnormal ___ that is inherited, or that results from ______, is often the basis of disease | Abnormal DNA that is inherited, or that results from damage, is often the basis of disease |
| Factors that cause damage to DNA molecules include? | chemical or mechanical irritants, radiation, bacteria, and viruses |
| Reproduction of cell involving division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm is? | Mitosis |
| interphase is? | a period when the cell is not actively dividing. |
| DNA replication is? | Process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule |
| Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid, chromosomes align across the center of the cell. Which step of cell life cycle is this? | 3rd - Metaphase |
| What happens in Telophase and which step is it? | The nuclear envelope and both nuclei appear, the cytoplasm and organelles divide equally creating 2 daughter cells. The 5th step. |
| Prophase is? | Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, chromatids become attached at the centromere, spindle fibers appear, the nucleus and nuclear envelope disappear. |
| Centromeres break apart, chromosomes move away from the center of the cell , the cleavage furrow appears. Which step of cell life cycle is this? | Anaphase - the 4th step |
| Cell growth, replication of chromosomes cell not actively dividing. Which step of cell life cycle is this? | Interphase- the 1st step |
| Hypertrophy is? | Increase in size of individual cells; increasing size of tissue |
| Atrophy: ________ in size of individual cells | Decrease |
| Increase in cell reproduction is which change is cell reproduction | Hyperplasia |
| Anaplasia is? | Production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells |
| Cancer is due cause of which cell reproduction? | Anaplasia |
Created by:
kentaiya.bryan
Popular Nursing sets