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Nutr
Nutrition Info
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the symptoms of inadequate nutrition | Dry, dull or brittle hair, poor wound healing, Lack of Subcut fat or muscle wasting, Abnormal Cardio measurements and general weakness or impaired coordination |
| What are the four Anthropometric Tools | Weight, Height, BMI and Body Fat Composition Method |
| What does BMI stand for | Body Mass Index |
| How is BMI calculated | Weight (kg) / Height (M2) |
| What is a normal BMI? | 18.5 % - 24.9% |
| What are some factors for adequate weighing of a client? | Weigh at the same time everyday, Acknowledge daily fluctuations due to water loss/gain, Know the ideal body weight and the percentage weight change calculation |
| Body Mass Index a reliable indicator of body | Fatness |
| Fluid I & O should be what value daily | 1 - 1 |
| What are three types of Body Fat Composition Method | Skin Fold Measurement, Waist to Hip Ration and Densitometry |
| Lab or Clinical Values used for nutrition | Fluid I&O, Protein/Albumin Levels and prealbumin Levels |
| What are the risk factors of inadequate Nutrition | Biophysical Factors, Psychological Factors and Socioeconomical Factors |
| What is a Protein made in the liver, that maintains the amount of blood in the veins and arteries? | Albumin |
| What happens when Albumin levels become low | Fluid can leak ot of the cells causing severe edema |
| What is a normal Albumin level | 3.9 grams/deciliter to 5.0 grams/deciliter |
| What are some biophysical factors | Medical disease, genetic predisposition and age |
| What are some pschological factors | mental illness, excessive stress, negative self-concept and use of comfort foods |
| What are some socioeconomical factors | Poverty, alcohol and drug use, fad or special diets and food preferences |
| What are the three types of carbohydrates | Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides |
| How much of the carbohydrates you take in are actually absorbed? | 80-95% |
| How much energy do carbohydrates provide for the body? | 4cal/g |
| How much energy does protein provide for the body? | 4cal/g |
| How much energy does fats provide for the body? | 9cal/g |
| How many amino acids are there? | 22 |
| How many nonessential amino acids are there? | 13 |
| How many essential amino acids are there? | 9 |
| What is a nutrient that the body must get from food because it can not produce it | An essential nutrient |
| What is a nutrient that the body can produce on its own? | Non essential nutrients |
| What are the buiding blocks of proteins? | Amino Acids |
| What are the water soluble vitamins | Vitamins C and the B complex |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | Vitamins A, D, E and K |
| What does BMR stand for? | Basal Metabolic Rate |
| What vitamin helps to prevent Scurvy and allows for iron absorption? | Vitamin C |
| What Vitamin keeps us from getting pernicious Anemia | Vitamin B12 |
| Where do we get Vitamin C from? | Citrus fruits and juices, some vegetables |
| Where do we get Vitamin A from | Carrots, orange/yellow foods, liver, fish oils and dairy |
| What vitamin deficiency can cause rickets, fragile bones, low serum and low clcium levels? | Vitamin D |
| What vitamin is used in the clotting process? | Vitamin K |
| What is difficulty swallowing | Dysphasia |
| What kind of diet would a person with dysphasia have | Mechanical soft |
| How long can a bag of TPN be hung for | 24 hours |
| When a client is assigned a diet as tolerated what kind of diet do they get | Whatever diet they can handle |
| What is not working properly when when we have heartburn or acid reflux | The cardiac sphincter |
| When the pyloric sphincter is not functioning properly and it sends food directly from the stomach into the small intestines without being digested, you get what problem | Dumping syndrome |
| What is the maximum length of time to be on a clear liquid diet | 3 days |
| How long can you remain on the full liquid diet | 3 - 4 days |
| RDA is now known as | DRI |
| What are the nutritive sources | Carbs & Fiber, Protein, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, electrolytes and Water |
| Which of the nutritive sources provide the body with energy | Carbs, fats and proteins |
| What are the three types of monosaccharides | glucose, fructose and galactose |
| What is a class of simple water soluble proteins that can be coagulated by heat and are found in egg whites blood serum milk and many other animal and plant tissues | Albumin |
| What are three types of disaccharides | Sucrose, Maltose and lactose |
| What are polysaccharides | Starches and Fiber |
| What is the minimum carbohydrate intake needed to fuel the brain | 130 g/day |
| What are the three types of proteins | Complete, incomplete and Complimentary |
| Where are most of our carbohydrates absorbed | Small Intestine |
| What is a stored carbohydrate energy source found in the liver and muscles | Glycogen |
| What is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 c | Calorie |
| What is important for proper bowel elimination, lower cholesterol, and helps to decrease incidence of intestinal cancers | Fiber |
| What percent of your diet should be carbohydrates | 45% - 65% |
| All carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of ________, oxygen and hydrogen | Carbon |
| What is the main function of carbohydrates | Providing energy |
| What is categorized as a carbohydrate but doesnt yeild any energy for the body | Fiber |
| What are the four types of fiber | Pectin, Gum, Cellulose and Mucilage |
| Carbs provide energy for cellular work, regulate protein, fat metabolism, and are essential for normal cardiac and ________ system Functioning | Nervous |
| Proteins are _________ ____________ made of amino acids in linear chains and joined together by peptide bonds between carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues | Organic Compounds |
| What are food sources that when eaten together provide ALL the essential amino acids called | Complementary Proteins |
| What are proteins that are generally from animal sources that contain all of the essential vitamins by themselves | Complete Proteins |
| What are proteins that are generally from plants that do not contain all the essential amino acids | incomplete |
| What is the primary source of energy in our body | Carbohydrates |
| What is the secondary source of energy in our body | Lipids |
| Which lipid forms adipose tissue | Triglycerides |
| How much of the daily intake should be from proteins | 10% |
| What are the three lipoproteins | vldl, ldl and hdl |
| Which lipoprotein is considered the GOOD cholesterol | HDL |
| The metabolic functions of protein are tissue building and maintanence, balance of nitrogen and water, back up energy source and support of the metabolic process and supporting the __________ system | Immune |
| How much of the total caloric intake hould be from lipids | 20% - 35% |
| A high fat diet has been linked to | Cardiovascular disease |
| Lipid _______ starts in the small intestine | breakdown |
| What two enzymes breakdown the fats | bile from the gallbladder and lipase from the pancreas |
| What three things cause the release of fatty acids | Muscle, liver and adipose tissue |
| What are organic compounds in food that are needed in small amounts for growth and to maintain good health | Vitamins |
| How many essential vitamins are there | 13 |
| How many major minerals are there | 7 |
| How many trace minerals are there | 10 |
| What is the most basic of nutrients that we cannot live w/o for more than a few days | Water |
| What is the minimum daily requirement of water | 1500 mL |
| We can assess someones proper hydration by their skin turgor, mental status, orthostatic blood pressure, urine output and concentration, and the condition of their | Mucous membranes |
| What are electrically charged minerals that cause physiological reactions to maintain homeostasis | Electrolytes |
| What is the BREAKING DOWN of substances with the resultant release of energy | Catabolism |
| What is the use of energy to BUILD or REPAIR substances | Anabolism |
| What are the two types of metabolism | Anabolism and Catabolism |
| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in living organisms in order to maintain life | Metabolism |
| What two excess energy nutrients are stored in the body | Glycogen and Lipids (fat) |
| The metabolism of energy nutrients produces oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and | ATP |
| What is the rate at which food energy is burned called | Metabolic Rate |
| BMR is the amount of energy burned at | Rest |
| During periods of growth we hav a ________ nitrogen balance | Positive |
| Vitamin C aids in the _____________ of iron | absorption |
| Vitamin D assists in the absorption of | Calcium |
| Vitamin E is an _______________, which keeps our cells from oxidizing | Antioxidant |
| Vitamin K can be found in vegetable oils, eggs, some nuts and ______________ | Avacados |
| Vitamin D can be found in Milk, Cod Liver Oil, the sunshine and | Eggs |
| If we have a deficiency in Vitamin K we will have an ________________ Bleeding time | Increased |
| Vitamin K can be found in green leafy veggies, plant oils and | Liver |
| What forms a bond with calcium to accumulate in calcified body tissue | Fluoride |
| When the pt can not consume adequate nutrients and calories on their own or have a partialy functioning GI tract they would be considered for | Enteral Nutrition |
| What are the two types of enteral feedings | TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition) and PPN (Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition) |
| Which type of enteral feeding would be used for a pt that is undergoing cancer treatment, suffering from trauma or burns and require high caloric requirements | TPN |
| Which type of enteral feeding would be used for a pt who will need the assistance for less than 7 days, needs less than 2500 cal/day or when a central venous line is not available | PPN |
| Due to the high content of Dextrose in TPN, what should the nurse check often | Glucose Level |
| What type of technique sould be used when changing the fluids | Sterile Technique |
| What should the nurse check on the patients chart for before hanging a new bag | Dr.s orders |
| What eating disorder is classified by the loss of appetite | Anorexia |
| What type of ulcer is characterized by the erosion of the mucosal layer of the stomach or duodenum | Peptic Ulcer Disease |
| What is the Inflammation of the gastric mucosa | Gastritis |
| What is the primary concern for pt's with colostomies and/or ileostomies | Fluid and electrolyte maintenance |
| With Crohns disease and inflammatory bowel disease it is best to stay away from what type of food | seeds or husks |
| What is the inflammation of the gallbladder called | Cholecystitis |
| If you have cholecystitis you should avoid fat foods, coffee, broccoli, cauliflower and ________ spiced foods | Highly |
| During inflammation of the gallbladder the diet would be | TPN and NPO |
| After the inflammation of the gallbladder goes down what type of diet should the pt stay on | Low Fat, High protein and carbohydrates |
| What is the role of food and nutrition in the treatment of diseases and disorders called | Therapeutic Nutrition |
| How would the basic diet become Therapeutic | When it is modified for the pt's needs |
| What are the six basic types of diets | Clear Liquid, Full Liquid, Pureed, Mechanical Soft, Soft and Regular |
| Which diet consists mainly of water and carbohydrates and requires minimal digestion and is non-gas forming | Liquid Diet |
| What is the longest a pt should remain on the Clear Liquid Diet | 3 Days |
| What does coffee increase in the stomach that upsets it and is the reason to limit it during liquid diets | Hydrochloric Acids |
| When on a Full Liquid Diet, if the pt must remain on it for more than 3 - 4 days what should be added | High Protein, High Calorie Supplements |
| What diet is used when the pt has had oral or facial surgery, wired jaws, or has difficulty chewing or swallowing | Pureed Diet |
| Which diet contains whole foods that are low in fiber, lightly seasoned and easily digested and includes food supplements such as snacks, to add calories | Soft Diet |
| What is a Regular Diet that has been modified in texture, including foods that require minimal chewing before swallowing | Mechanical Soft Diet |
| Some of the reasons for a mechanical soft diet are limited chewing ability, dysphagia, poorly fitting dentures, surgery of the neck or mouth and those with restrictions dealing with the | GI Tract |
| What diet is given to pt's that are not under any dietary restrictions | Regular Diet |
| To lower LDL you need a diet that is low in cholesterol, high in fiber, exercise and weight management and __________ ___________ | Smoking Cessation |
| The DASH diet for cardiovascular disorders is a low sodium, high potassium and high calcium diet proven to reduce blood pressure and | Cholesterol |
| On the DASH Diet what is the maximum amount of sodium intake | 2400 mg |
| Which type of diabetes is said to be an autoimmune genetically linked disease and occurs to people under the age of 30 | Type One |
| Which type of diabetes is said to be genetic or due to environmental factors, occurs in individuals older than 40 and obesity and lifestyle are risk factors | Type two |
| A glucose level of ____ mg/dl or less requires immediate action | 70 |
| A glucose of 250 mg/dl or higher, ketones in urine, polydipsia, polyuria, hyperventilation, dehydration, fruity odor to breath or coma are indicative of | Hyperglycemia |
| The morning hyperglycemia in response to overnight hypoglycemia | Somagyi's phenomenom |
| Elevation of blood glucose around 5 - 6 am resulting from the overnight release of growth hormone is | Dawn Phenomenom |
| Dietary intake should be | individualized |
| Sat Fat should acount for no more than _____% of total calories | 10 |
| When dealing with Renal Disease what does the diet depend upon | The Statge of Renal Disease |
| How can we preserve the remaining function at Pre End Stage Renal Disease | By limiting the intake of protein and phosphorous |
| Once dialysis has begun and protein and amino acids are removed in dialysis what do we need to increase | The intake of Protein |
| What must be restricted in End Stage Renal Disease | Phosphorous |
| What is an abrupt rapid decline in renal failure | ARF (Acute Renal Failure) |
| The goal of the diet in ARF is to minimize edema, replace lost nutrients and minimize permanent ________ ________ | Renal Damage |
| Cancer can cause anorexia, increased metabolism and _________ nitrogen balance | Negative |
| If a pt presents with mouth sores and/or stomatitis what could you do to aid in their taking in of calories | Give them a straw |
| What can be done to assist a cancer pt to maintain their caloric intake | Have them eat heavily on good days |
| What is one way of decreasing the exposure of cancer pt's to microorganisms | Peel all fruit that has skin |
| What can we do to eliminate the metallic taste that metal silverware leaves in a cancer pt's mouth | Have them eat with plastic silverware |
| Malnutrition is a common problem and cause of death with what disease | Aids |
| HIV/Aids pt's need to increase their caloric intake from | 35 to 45 cal/kg of weight |
| HIV/Aids pt's need to increase their protein amounts from | 1.2 to 2.0 g/kg of weight |
| Pernicious anemia is the most common form of | Vitamin B12 Deficiency |
| Vitamin C facilitates the absorption of | Iron |
| Results from a failure to absorb Vitamin B12 or inadequate intake is | Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia |
| Folic Acids are found in green leafy vegetables, dried peas and beans, liver, seeds, cereals and breads and | Orange juice |
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