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BVT Chap 2 extra
Extra terms from Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of the structures of the body |
| physiology | study of the functions of the structuers of the body |
| anatomical position | when a person is standing upright, facing forward, holding arms at the sides and turning the hands with the palms toward the front |
| vertical plane | any up and down line that is at a right angle to the horizon |
| sagittal plane | any vertical plane that divides the whole body into unequal left and right portions |
| midsagittal plane | also known as the midline, a sagittal plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves |
| coronal plane | a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions |
| frontal plane | any plane located at right angles to the sagittal plane |
| horizontal plane | a flat crosswise line |
| transverse planes | is the horizontal plane that divides the whole body into into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions |
| body cavity | a space within the body that contains and protects the internal organs |
| cranial cavity | located within the skull, protects the brain |
| spinal cavity | located within the spinal comlumn, protects the spine |
| dorsal cavity | located in the skull and spinal column, is divided into two parts |
| ventral cavity | located in the front of the body |
| thoracic cavity | also known as the chest cavity or thorax, protects the heart and lungs |
| diaphragm | a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| abdominal cavity | contains primarily all the organs of digestion |
| pelvic cavity | is the space formed by the pelvic bones, containing primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems |
| abdominopelvic cavity | there is no physical separation between the pelvic and abdominal cavities, together there are referred to as this |
| quadrant | divided into four |
| right and left hypochondriac regions | located on the sidesand covered by the lower ribs |
| epigastric region | located above the stomach |
| right and left lumbar regions | located on the sides near the inward curve of the spine |
| umbilical region | surrounds the umbilicus |
| umbilicus | also known as the belly button or navel, in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus |
| right and left iliac regions | located on the sides over the hip bones |
| hypogastric region | located below the stomach |
| inguinal | pertaining to the groin, refers to the entire lower portion of of the abdomen |
| peritoneum | a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity |
| parietal peritoneum | outer layer of the peritoneum, lines the abdominal wall |
| visceral peritoneum | inner layer of the peritoneum, surround the organs of the abdominal cavity |
| mesentery | a fused double layer of the parietal and attaches parts of the instestine to the interior abdominal wall |
| stem cells | differ from other cellsin the body because they: are unspecialized cells that renew themselvesfor long periods through cell division and under certain conditions stem cells can be induced to become cells with special functions |
| cell membrain | surrounds and protects the cell by separating the cell's contecntsfrom it's external environment |
| nucleus | surrounded by the nuclear membrane, a structure within the cell that has two important funtions: it controlls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide |
| chromosomes | a structure found within the cell nucleus containing the cell's genes |
| gene | a functional unit of heredity |
| somatic cell | contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs |
| sex cells | sper and eggs, also known as gametes |
| genetics | the study of how genes are transferred from the parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid,the primary genetic material of all celluar organisms |
| genome | an entire set of genes derived from one parent |
| clone | an individual product with genetic material from only one parent and is therefore an identical replica of that parent |
| genetic mutation | changes that occur within the genes |
| somatic cell mutation | change within the cells of the body, affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation |
| gametic cell mutation | change within the genesfound in the gametes that can be transmitted by the parents to the children |
| dominant gene | inheritaed from one parent, that offspring will have that genetic condition |
| recessive gene | inherrited from one parent, if the other gene is normal, the offspring won't have the condition (but will carry it), if the other gene is also recessive then the offspring will have the condition |
| genetic or hereditary disorders | diseases or conditions cause by a defective gene |
| cystic fibrosis | genetic disorder that affects both the respiratory and digestive systems |
| Down Syndrome | also known as Trisomy 21, a genetic syndrome characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple physical abnormalities |
| hemophilia | a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which one or the factors needed to clot the blood is missing, genetic transmission is usually from mother to son |
| Huntington's disease | also known as Huntington's chorea, a hereditary disorder transmitted by a dominant gene, symptoms first appear in midlife and cause the irriversalble and progressive loss of muscle control and mental ability |
| Muscular distrophy | a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weaknes of muscle fibers |
| phenylketonuria | genetic disorder in which the essentail digestive enzyme is missing, can be detected at birth, if not can cause sever mental retardation |
| sickle cell anemia | a group if inherited red blood cell disorders |
| Tay-Sachs disease | hereditary disease in which a missing enzyme in the brain causes progressive physical degeneration, mental retardation and early death |
| congenital disorder | an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth, may be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during birth |
| epithelial tissues | form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body |
| epithelium | specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes |
| endothelium | specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels body cavities, glands and organs |
| connective tissues | support and connect organs and other body tissues |
| loose connective tissue | surrounds varrious organs and supports both nerve and blood vessles |
| liquid connective tissue | blood and lymph |
| muscle tissue | contains cells with the specailized ability to contract and relax |
| nerve tissue | contains cells with the specailized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses |
| gland | a group of specailized epithelial calles that form secretions |
| organ | a somewhat independent part of the body that preformsa specail funtion or functions |
| communicable disease | also known as a contagious disease, transmitted from one person to another either by direct contact or indirect contact |
| bloodborne transmission | transmission of disease through contact with blood or body fluids that are contaminated with blood |
| airbirne transmission | transmmitted though respiratory droplets, such as contact with material from a cough or sneeze |
| foodborne and waterborne transmission | also know as fecal oral transmission, caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been prepared properly to kill the contamination |
| epidemiologist | specailizes in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group |
| endemic | onging presence of a disease within a population, group or area |
| epidemic | a sudden widespread outbreak of a disease within a population, group or area |
| pandemic | an outbreakof disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide |
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