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243 CH 21 - 24
243 EXAM 3
Term | Definition |
---|---|
hemoglobin | oxygen carrying cappacity |
erthropoiesis | reticulocytes produced in bone marrow in response to erythropoietin |
erythropoeitin | released by kidney in response to hypoxemia |
requirements for RBC production | iron, folate, vitamin B12, erythropoietin, stem cells |
hgba | adult, 2 a and 2 beta |
hgbf | child, 2 a and 2 gamma - absorbs oxygen at lower tension |
hemoglobin | 12 - 16 |
hematocrit | 37 - 50% |
mean corpuscular volume | size of RBC |
macrocytic | big, low B12, low folate |
microcytic | small, iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobinopathy, chronic disease, lead poisoning |
normocytic | normal, acute bleeding, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, low erythropoietin, malignancy |
mean corpuscular hemoglobin | average amount of hemoglobin per RBC, color |
hypochromic | low |
normochromic | normal |
sickle cell hemoglobin | hgbs, defect in beta chain, 6th ring |
catabolism | hemoglobin - heme - biliverdin - bilirubin |
bilirubin | bile (liver) |
globin | recycled amino acid |
leukopenia | reduction in number of all white blood cells |
neutropenia | reduction in number of neutrophils (1000 - 1500) |
group A | antibodies in plasma: anti B, A antigen |
group B | antibodies in plasma: anti A, B antigen |
group AB | no antibodies in plasma, A and B antigens |
group O | antibodies in plasma: anti A and Anti B, no antigens |
thrombocytopenia | decreased number of platelets |
leukemia | decreased platelet production in bone marrow |
excess pooling of platelets in spleen | normally holds 1/3 of platelets |
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ITP | bruising, micro bleeds |
clotting factor disorders | impaired synthesis of clotting factors due to decreased liver or Vitamin K |
Rh incompatibility | communication between mother and baby |
thalassemia | group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis of alpha or beta chains |
polycythemia vera | absolute increase in total red blood cell mass |
secondary polycythemia | due to another disorder |
relative polycythemia | plasma circulating blood volume, dehydrated of DI (more RBC compared to plasma |
polycythemia | can lead to stroke |
hyperslpenism | overactive spleen |
neutropenia | decreased number of neutrophils 1500 |
neutropenia etiology | chemo, leukemia. infection, sepsis, aplastic anemia, nutritional deficiencies |
tranfusion reaction | immune response to incompatible blood transfusion |
normal hemostasis | platelets, clotting factors, vessel endothelium |
vascular damage | constriction of vessels, slower blood flow with thromboxane hormone |
platelet plug | platelets aggregate and attach to sub endothelial wall, release granules, von Willebrand factor involved |
von willebrand factor | measures clotting |
blood coagulation | intrinsic or extrinsic pathway, different factors become activated throughout |
clot retraction | fibrin seals site |
fibrinolysis | heparin stops clotting, clotting factors absorbed or inactivated, fibrin clot split |
hemolytic disease of newborn | lead to stillbirth or jaundice in an Rh negative mother, can be prevented by injection of RhoGAM |
platelet dysfunction | thrombocytopathia, diagnose by bleeding time |
decrease clotting factors | decreased liver stimulation, vitamin K deficiency, decreased calcium intake |
inherited coagulation defect | hemophilia A - insufficient or defective Factor VIII |
signs and symptom's Hemophilia A | excessive and spontaneous bleeding, swelling, pain, muscle wasting, difficulty moving |
abnormal consumption coagulation defect | hemorrhage caused by endothelial layer damage (burns, sepsis, trauma) |
sickle cell crisis | moves from normal hemoglobin to sickle cell hemoglobin forming long inflexible chains |
sickle cell | very painful, ischemia everywhere - obstruction of blood flow |
anemia | decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to quality and quantity of RBCs, amount of HgB |
etiology of anemia | decreased RBC production, iron deficiency, blood loss, erythrocyte destruction |
iron deficiency anemia | most common, iron necessary for hemoglobin synthesis, due to poor intake, poor absorption, inadequate utilization |
iron deficiency anemia morphology | microcytic, hypo chromic RBC (less iron, less color) |
anemia due to hemmorrhage | acute blood loss (trauma), orthostatic hypotension, volume depletion 'change of position' |
iron deficiency anemia seen | chronic kidney disease due to less EPO, low iron |
anemia due to hemorrhage changes | increased reticulocyte count, no evidence of hemolysis |
aplastic anemia | toxic, radiologic or immunologic injury to bone marrow (unable to produce cells), low platelets/ RBC |
aplastic anemia signs | bleeding infections, treated with bone marrow transplant |
megoblastic anemia | pernicious anemia, folic acid deficiency |
vitamin B12 deficiency | lack of intrinsic factor |
pernicious anemia | lack of intrinsic factor, macrocytic (megoblastic), peripheral nerve degeneration |
folic acid deficiency | pregnant women, neural tube defects |
hemolytic anemia causes | sickle cell disease, ABO or Rh incompatibility, drug induced |
hemolytic anemia signs | jaundice, normocytic or normochromic |
sickle cell disease | inherited disorder in which the presence of hemoglobin S causes erythrocytes to sickle when deoxygenated |
hemoglobin S | hbS genes; damage to spleen |
hemostasis | arrest of bleeding |
systole | ventricles contracting, more pressure |
diastole | ventricles relaxing, heart is filling |
preload | stretch, volume before conraction |
conditions affecting preload | clot blocking blood, dehydration |
afterload | volume, pressure the heart needs to overcome to pump everything out (resistance) |
contractility | ability of heart muscle to squeeze and contract |
disseminated intravascular clotting | damage to endothelial layer, clot formation products consumed, increased hemorrhage |
megaloblastic anemia morphology | macrocytic |