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154 exam 1
Term | Definition |
---|---|
pharmacology | the study of drugs |
pharmacodynamics | the effect that drugs have on the body |
pharmacokinetics | the effect the body has on the drugs |
route of administration | The main factor which relates to absorption of drugs is the __________________________ |
enteric-coated | slowest to absorb; designed to break down in the small intestine |
IV drugs | fastest to absorb |
bioequivalent | drugs absorbed at the same rate |
enteral | all drugs absorbed through the mucosa of stomach or small intestine which includes oral, sublingual, and buccal |
parenteral | usually referred to as injections and can include IV, IM, SQ, intradermal |
topical | usually means applied to eyes, ears, vagina, rectum, lungs, nose, or skin |
protein binding | drug distribution is affected by the extent that the drug binds to plasma proteins |
albumin | largest protein |
liver | metabolism mainly occurs here |
pro-drugs | drugs that are activated by hepatic metabolism |
half-life | the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body |
first pass effect | drug is largely destroyed by the liver enzymes and is rendered ineffective |
agonist | activate receptors to produce a response |
antagonist | bind with receptors but do not activate them or cause a response; can block activation |
troche | form of buccal medicine |
onset of action | time required for a drug to elicit a response |
peak | time required for drug to work at its maximum |
trough | drug is at its lowest effect |
duration | how long does the effect of the drug last |
narrow therapeutic window | the ratio between the therapeutic and the toxic levels of the drug |
acute | something that just came up; tonsillitis, strep |
maintenance | something taken every day to maintain; antihypertensive |
supplemental | getting blood transfusion, taking Synthroid, taking insulin |
palliative | treating but not curing, comfortable |
prophylactic | trying to prevent; antibiotic after close exposure, birth control |
adverse effect | negative effect of the drug |
tolerance | decreasing response to repeated drug doses |
dependence | physical or psychological need for a drug |
additive effect | 1+1=2 |
synergistic effect | 1+1=4 |
antagonistic effect | give 2 drugs at the same time and one lessens the effect of the other |
idiosyncratic reaction | usually genetically predetermined abnormal response to a drug; not expected at all |
teratogenic | drug is harmful to unborn baby |
mutagenic | capable of inducing genetic mutation |
carcinogenic | capable of inducing cancer |
polymorphism | very same drug can reduce different response in individual based on age, gender, race, genetics, and environment |
Durham-Humphrey Amendment | 1951, "prescription drugs" |
Kefauver-Harris Amendment | 1962, drug manufacturers required to assure drugs are safe before put on the market |
Controlled Substance Act | 1970, established "schedules" for controlled substances |
Phase I | involves small numbers of healthy volunteers to determine optimal dosage range and pharmacokinetics of the drug |
Phase II | involves volunteers who actually HAVE the disease or condition the drug is designed to treat; therapeutic doses are refined |
Phase III | involves large numbers of volunteers; determine risks of taking the drug and side effects |
Phase IV | post marketing research occurs; data collected and monitored for side effects and therapeutic effects |
C-1 | no medical use; heroin, LSD, marijuana |
C-2 | medically accepted use, highly addicting; can only get 30 day supply, cannot call in to pharmacy; codeine, morphine, oxycontin, demerol, ritalin, dilaudid |
C-3 | addicting, but not as highly; can get 30 day supply with 5 refills; Tylenol #3, Vicoprofen |
C-4 | can get 30 day supply with 5 refills, expires in 6 months whether you use refills or not; sleeping pills, benzodiazepines |
C-5 | cough meds and diarrhea meds |