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Geography Term 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Headland | Hard, resistant rock that sticks out on beaches as the coastline erodes |
| Bay | Places where soft rock has worn away |
| Why are bays sheltered? | Once the bays recede far enough away from the original coastline the sea "focuses" on the headlands more |
| Process of headland erosion | Cave: Notch cut into headland Arch: Back wall of cave eroded all the way through Stack: Top of arch gets too heavy and breaks Stump: Stack is eroded and might have collapsed |
| Wave cut platforms | The sea erodes the coast in a process similar to waterfall retreat, leading to a mostly level stretch of land underwater. |
| Factors affecting coastal erosion | Topography (steep or shallow coastline), Resistance of shoreline rocks, erosive force of daily currents/tides, frequency+intensity of high energy storms/abnormal events (hurricanes, tsunamis), frequency+intensity of tectonic events |
| Methods of Coastal Management (Soft Engineering) | Beach Replenishment, growing vegetation, managed retreat |
| Methods of Coastal Management (Hard Engineering) | Sea wall, wooden groynes, gabion baskets, Rip-rap, revetments |
| Beach replenishment | Depositing sand from elsewhere onto the beach |
| Growing vegetation | Absorbs some of the impact of waves and water, buffers waves |
| Managed retreat | The relocation of things in danger from coastal erosion |
| Sea wall | A long concrete or wooden barrier built at a cliff base, life span of ~75 years, socially reassuring |
| Groynes | Wooden 'fences' built perpendicular to the coast, life span of ~25 years, slow longshore drift |
| Gabion baskets | Mesh steel cages filled with rocks, similar effect to sea walls and groynes, Life span of 20-25 years |
| Rip rap/Rock armour | Large boulders placed to form a sea wall |
| Revetments | Slatted wooden/concrete structures at the base of a cliff |
| Disadvantages of coastal management | Costly, mess with natural system and might have consequences worse than the initial problem, they're localised and might be problematic for other areas of the coast |
| Fjords | Long narrow valleys with steep sides, created by glaciers, glacial valleys that go below sea level |
| Glacier types | Continental, Valley, Mountainous |
| Snow line | The altitude at which some snow remains year-round, varies from place to place |
| Where/how do glaciers form | In high mountainous regions They flow out of icefields spanning several peaks or across a mountain range |
| Continental glaciers | Antarctica, Greenland Deposits material as it moves (icebergs) |
| Valley glaciers | Originating from mountain glaciers or ice fields, spill down into valleys Long, flowing beyond snow line, sometimes reaching sea level |
| Mountain glaciers | High altitude, mountain ranges or icefields |
| Crevasses | Glacier flows over rough surface Large cracks form in brittle ice Depth can be 30m+ and width can range from a few centimeters to 10+ meters Often covered/obscured by snow bridges Very dangerous to mountaineers |
| Striations | Parallel grooves cut into bedrock by rock fragments stuck in the bottom of the glacier |
| U-shaped and hanging valleys | Valleys formed due to glaciers U-shaped: large glaciers Hanging: Smaller glaciers that feed into larger ones |
| Cirque | Amphitheater shaped Tarns Cut into rock where tarns are formed and ice flows out |
| Tarn | Small lake occupying a rock basin in a cirque |
| Horn | Pyramidal peak formed by 3+ arêtes |
| Arête | The crest left behind after two adjacent glaciers erode the sides |
| Erratics | Large 'out of place' boulders |
| Kettle lake | A lake formed by buried glacial ice melting underground |
| Moraines | Deposits of glacial tills at the end(terminal), sides(lateral), or middle(medial) of a glacier |
| Paternoster lake | One of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream |
| Backwalls and Sidewalls | Eroded sides of arêtes, horns, and cirques |
| Glaciers | Slow moving rivers of ice |
| Types of Farming | Arable (crops), Pastoral (Animals), Mixed (both) |
| Factors affecting farming | Physical: Relief, climate, soil, aspect, drainage, rock/soil type Human: Distance from necessities, labor supply, machinery + technology, grants + subsidies, market price |
| Necessities of Arable farms | Flat/gently sloping land Deep, fertile soil Not too dry or wet Warm climate Land suitable for machinery Sheltered land |
| Pastoral farms are possible with | Steep slopes -> bad for machinery, good for sheep/goats Poor soils -> only enough for grasses and heather Cold, wet, climate Stronger winds |
| Commercial Agriculture | For profit Large scale Few workers Lots of machinery/technology Sold at market One type of crop (monoculture) Cash crops Usually arable |
| Subsistence Agriculture | For the farmer Little left over to sell Small scale Mixed farming (usually) Self-sufficient Labor intensive Less machines/technology Manpower |
| Intensive Agriculture | Small area High output Massive inputs of capital and labor machines, technology Efficient Cost-effective |
| Extensive Agriculture | Large area Less money Few farm workers |
| Hill sheep farming | Pastoral Extensive Commercial Products: wool, lamb, mutton Hill has three parts: Fell (Top, sheep graze on open land), Intake (Middle, divided into fields by stone walls, drainage, fertilisers), Inbye (Bottom, Farmhouse + fertile soil) |
| Physical inputs of hill sheep farming | Relief, Soils, climate, 200mm annual rainfall, short growing season |
| Human/economic inputs of hill sheep farming | Difficult accessibility Market Subsidies + grants Little labor Fodder crops |
| Processes of hill sheep farming | Dipping, lambing, fertilising, shearing |
| Outputs of hill sheep farming | Profit, Wool fleeces, B&B money, tourism, lambs, profit to reinvest |
| Problems in hill sheep farming | Foot & mouth disease Not always profitable Lamb prices fall + Machinery fuel and fodder prices rise Removal of subsidies by EU Fewer young people want to farm sheep |
| Orange Farming | Arable Commercial Extensive From sea level to 200m above (not high altitudes) Low humidity is ideal Tropical/subtropical climate that have hot summers and mild winters More than 3-5 hours below/at 27ºF damages twigs and fruits Nitrogen fertilizer |
Created by:
koala25
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