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Theories
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Meeting the personal needs of the patient within the environment. Concern for the environment of the patient, including cleanliness, ventilation, temperature, diet, light, and noise | Florence Nightingale (1860) |
| Nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, and goal oriented process. Nursing interventions are directed toward developing the patient's personality for productive personal and community living. | Hildegard Peplau 1952 |
| The patient is a person who requires help to reach independence. Nursing practice is independent; autonomous nursing functions are identified, and self-help concepts are described | Virginia Henderson 1955 |
| Nursing is a problem-solving art and science used to identify the nursing problems of patients as they move toward health and cope with illness-related health needs. The 21 nursing care problems identified were based on research and can be used to determine patient needs and formulate nursing-focused care | Faye Abdullah 1960 |
| The nurse reacts to the patient's verbal and nonverbal expression of needs both to understand the meaning of the distress and to know what is needed to alleviate it. Uses the nursing process to provide solutions to problems as well as to prevent problems. | Ida Jean Orlando 1961 |
| Nursing as an art; nursing is providing nurturing care to patients. Clinical nursing includes a philosophy, a purpose, the practice, and the art. Care is directed toward a specific purpose to meet the patient's perceived health care needs. | Ernestine Wiedenbach 1964 |
| Focus is on rehabilitation, encompassing nursing's autonomy, the therapeutic use of self, treatment within the health care team(cure), and nurturing (care). The major outcome of nursing care is rehabilitation and feelings of self-actualization by the patient. | Lydia E. Hall 1966 |
| Emphasis is on the ill person in the health care setting; describes detailed nursing skills and actions. The patient is the center of nursing activities, with nursing care provided based on four conservation principles to help patients adapt to their environment. | Myra E. Levine 1967 |
| Emphasis is on the science and art of nursing with the unitary human being central to the discipline of nursing. Nursing interventions are directed toward repatterning human environment fields or assisting in mobilizing inner resources. | Martha Rogers 1970 |
| Self-care is a human need; self-care deficits require nursing actions. Nursing is a human service, and nurses design interventions to provide or to manage self-care actions for sustaining health or recovering from illness or injury. | Dorthea Orem 1971 |
| The patient is a personal system within a social system; the nurse and the patient experience each other and the situation, act and react, and transact. Nursing is a process of human interactions as nurses and patients communicate to mutually set goals, and explore and agree on the means to reach those goals. | Imogene King 1971 |
| Humans are in constant relationship with stressors in the environment. The major concern for nursing is keeping the patient's system stable through accurately assessing the effects of environmental stressors and assisting the patient with adjustments required for optimal health. | Betty Newman 1972 |
| Humans are biopsychosocial beings existing within an environment. Needs are created within interrelated adaptive modes: physiologic self-concept, role function, and interdependence. Nursing interventions are required when people demonstrate ineffective adaptive responses. | Sister Callista Roy 1974 |
| Nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. Clinical nursing care is holistic to promote humanism, health, and quality of living. Caring is universal and is practiced through interpersonal relationships. | Jean Watson 1979 |
| Nursing interventions are purposeful, using a total-person approach to patient care to help people, families, and groups attain and maintain wellness. Nursing care is directed toward reducing stress factors and adverse conditions that increase the risk for or actually affect optimal patient functions. | Margaret A. Newman 1979 |
| Nursing problems arise when there are disturbances in the system or subsystem, or the level of behavioral functioning is below an optimal level. Nursing interventions are designed to support/maintain health, educate, counsel, and modify behavior. | Dorothy E. Johnson 1980 |
| The person continually interacts with the environment and participates in maintaining health. Health is a continual, open process (rather than absence of illness), with nursing care planned based on the patient's perspective of health and care. | Rosemarie Parse 1981 |
| The goal of nursing is the optimal health of the person, with a focus on how people make health care decisions. Factors significant to health-promoting behaviors include a person's beliefs about the importance of health and the perceived benefits of, and perceived barriers to, those behaviors. Participation in health promoting behaviors is modified by one's demographic and biologic characteristics, interpersonal influences, and situational and behavioral factors. | Nola Pender 1982 |
| Nursing practice occurs within a context of caring and skill development. Caring is a common bond of people situated in a state of being that is essential to nursing. They presented a systematic description of stages of nursing practice: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. | Patricia Benner and Judith Wrubel 1989 |
| Patient comfort exists in three forms: relief, ease, and transcendence. If a patient is comfortable, he or she will feel emotionally and mentally better which will aid in recovery. The role of the nurse is to assess a patient's comfort needs and create a nursing care plan to meet those needs. | Katherine Kolcaba 2003 |
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