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Exam 1 Patho
first half
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Na+/K+ Pump | an active transport system, keeps the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside, keeps sodium out of the cell and potassium in, uses direct enery of ATP |
| end results of glucose metabolism | - CO2 and NADH and FADH2 (the citric acid cycle) |
| glucose metabolism when sufficient oxygen is present | the two molecules of pyruvate move into the mitochondria where they enter the citric acid cycle |
| results of glucose metabolism when there isn’t sufficient oxygen present (anaerobic metabolism) | , pyruvate is converted into lactic acid and released into the ECF, and waits for oxygen to be restored, this is not as efficient as aerobic process. |
| what creates an action potential. | - when nerve or muscle cell receives a stimulus that exceeds the membrane threshold value |
| What ions predominate in the main fluid compartments of ECF | - NA+ |
| What ions predominate in the main fluid compartments ICF | - K+ |
| cell receptors | protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with smaller molecules called ligands |
| What is necessary for an autosomal recessive disorder to be expressed | - inherited from both parents |
| How are X-linked disorders inherited | - the mother had the disease causing allele passed onto the boys |
| What specifically causes thirst? | - Increased osmolality, which increases the absorption of ADH |
| In general what is epithelial tissue | - tissue covers most of the internal and external surfaces of the body. The functions include protection, absorption, secretion and excetretion |
| In general what is nerve tissue | - tissue is composed of highly specialized calls called neurons that receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly across junctions called synapses |
| In general what is connective tissue | - Tissue binds various tissue and organs together, supporting them in their location and serving as storage sites for excess nutrients |
| In general what is muscle tissue | - tissue composed of long, thin, highly contractile cells called myocytes. Attached to bones is voluntary movement, and attached to organs is involuntary movement |
| - Atrophy | decrease in cellular size, and decrease workload caused by ageing, disuse or lack of blood suppy |
| - Dysplasia | abnormal change in size, shape and organization of mature tissue cells · neoplastic growths (malignant) and are often found adjacent to cancerous cells |
| - Hypertrophy | increase in the size of cells caused by increased work demands or hormonal stimulation, occurs in cells that cannot divide like muscle cells (heart and kidney) |
| - metaplasia | the reversible replacement of one mature cells type by another less mature cell type, these cells are more prone to cancer |
| - Hyperplasia | increase in the # of cells, caused by and increase of cellular division, stimulated by hormones in the need to replace lost tissue cells |
| In what type of change do neoplastic growths occur | Dysplasia |
| where does hypertrophy occur | cells that cannot divide like muscle (heart and kidney) |
| which cells are more prone to cancer | cells that are mataplasia |
| what is hyperplasia stimulated by | hormones in the need to replace lost tissue cells |
Created by:
ngemini0681
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