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Reproductive a&p 11
Chapter 11 Reproductive anatomy and physiology
| Question | Answers |
|---|---|
| amenorrhea | absence of menstuation. Primary (delay of 1st). Secondary (cessation of menstruation) |
| climacteric | physical/emotional changes at end of reproductive period. aka menopause (although term not all encompassing) |
| coitus | sexual union between male and female |
| fornix (fornices) | arch or pouchlike structure at upper end of vagina. aka cul-de-sac |
| gamete | reproductive cell. female ovum. male spermatozoon. |
| genetic sex | sex determined at conception by union of two X chromosomes (Female) or XY (male). aka chromosomal sex |
| gonad | Reproductive (sex) gland that produces gametes and sex hormones. Female ovaries. male testes |
| gonadotropic hormones | secretions of anterior pituitary gland that stimulate gonads - follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by placenta during pregnancy. |
| graafian follicle | small sac within ovary that contains the maturing ovum |
| menarche | onset of menstruation |
| menopause | permanent cessation of menstruation during the climacteric |
| puberty | period of sexual maturation accompanied by development of secondary sex characteristic and capacity to reproduce |
| ruga (rugae) | ridge or fold of tissue, as on the male's scrotum and in the female's vagina |
| secondary sex characteristics | physical differences b/w mature males and females that are not directly related to reporduction |
| somatic sex | gender assignment as male or female on basis of form and structure of external genitalia |
| spermatogenesis | formation of male gametes (sperm) in testes |
| spinnbarkeit | clear, slippery, stretchy quality of cervical mucus during ovulation |
| reproductive systems of male and female differentiate during what week of development? | 7th week differences apear in internal structures. 9th- 12th week for external genitalia |
| The production of tiny amts of sex hormones by young child has what effect on puberty | inhibits hypothalamus, voiding premature onset of puberty. |
| Female maturation of the reproductive organs, breasts and secondary sex characteristics occur due to? | Hypothalmus secretes gnRH to anterior pituitary that secretes FSH and LH to ovary that secretes estrogen, progesterone. |
| Female puberty age | 8-13 (breast buds) 2 to 2-1/2 yrs later period. avg. age 9-16 |
| The anterior pituitary produces what sex hormones | fsh, lh and prolactin |
| Oxytocin is produced by the | posterior pituitary |
| testosterone production in females is by the | adrenal glands and ovaries |
| progesterone is produced by | ovary, corpus luteum, placenta |
| Female puberty changes | breasts, body contours, body hair, skeletal growth, reproductive organs, menarche |
| male puberty changes | growth of testes/penis, nocturnal emissions, body hair, body composition, skeletal growth, voice changes |
| avg age of climacteric in women | 45-50 |
| perimenopause | time from onset of symptoms associated with climacteric until 1yr after last menstural period |
| Female vestibule | structures enclosed by labia minora. Urinary meatus, vaginal introitus and ducts of skene and bartholin glands |
| Skene glands | aka periurethral glands provide lubrication for urethra. |
| Bartholin glands | lubrication for vaginal introitus, esp. during sexual arousal. |
| vaginal introitus | vaginal opening surrounded by erectile tissue that when stimulated fills with blood allowing to tighten - aiding penis in release of semen |
| hymen | thin fold of mucosa partially separating the vagina from the vestibule. Broken by injury, tampons, intercourse, childbirth. Not sure sign of virginity. |
| female perineum | most posterior part reproductive organs. Extends from fourchette (bottom of lip opening) to anus made of fibrous and muscular tissues that support pelvic structures |
| avg. vagina length | 3 to 4 inches |
| Vaginal rugae | multiple folds in vaginal lining |
| Vaginal lubrication is from | cervical and bartholin gland secretions |
| Vaginal fornix | arching of the end of vagina |
| Major functions of the vagina | discharge of menstrual flow. female organ of coitus, to receive penis Fetal passage |
| Uterus size | 7.5x5x2.5 cm (3x2x1 inch). larger in woman post childbirth |
| Divisions of the uterus | corpus. isthmus. cervix |
| layers of uterus | perimetrium. myometrium. endometrium |
| Fiber types of the uterine myometrium | longitudinal fibers. interlacing figure-8 fibers. circular fibers. |
| uterus corpus | upper part. body. contains fundus (above where fallopian tubes enter) |
| uterus isthmas | narrow transition zone of uterus. between corpus and cervix. during late pregnancy elongates known as lower uterine segment. |
| uterus cervix | 2-3cm (.8-1 inch) os is opening between cervix and vagina. internal and external os. |
| describe the external os of a childless woman | round/smooth |
| external os after vaginal birth | irregular, slitlike shape, possible scar tissue tags |
| Perimetrium of uterus | outer peritoneal layer of serous membrane covers most of uterus. continuous with the broad ligaments on each side. |
| Myometrium of uterus | middle muscle layer. most muscle fibers in upper part. |
| endometrium of uterus | inner layer. responsive to cyclic variations of estrogen/progesterone. two layers (basal/functional) |
| basal layer of endometrium of uterus | closest to myometrium (inner). regenerates functional layer after menstruation/childbirth |
| functional layer of endometrium of uterus | outermost layer. contains endometrial arteries, veins and glands. Shed during menstruation and after childbirth (lochia) |
| fallopian tubes (oviduct) size | 8-14 cm (3.2 to 5.6 inches) long. 2-3mm to 5-8 mm narrow. |
| fallopian tube purpose | ovum route from ovary to uterus. |
| movement of ovum through fallopian tube | cilia beat rythmically |
| Cornu of uterus | horn - place where fallopian tube enters upper uterus. |
| Fallopian tube divisions | interstitial, isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum |
| interstitial portion of fallopian tube | runs into uterine cavity and within uterine wall |
| isthmus portion of fallopian tube | narrow part of tube next to uterus. stays contracted 3 days after conception to allow development of fertilized ovum in tube, which promotes normal implantation in fundal portion of uterine corpus. |
| ampulla of fallopian tube | wider are of tube next to isthmus. Fertilization occurs here |
| infundibulum of fallopian tube | wide funnel shaped terminal end of tube. Fimbriae are found here. |
| Fimbriae | fingler like processes at infundibulum of fallopian tube. draw ovum into fallopian tube from abdominal cavity after it has been expelled from ovary |
| Function of ovaries | produce sex hormones. develop ovum to maturity each reproductive cycle. |
| number of ova at birth | all there will be in lifetime. ~2million immature ova |
| mature ova in lifetime | about 400. these are released for possible fertilization. |
| ova at climacteric | almost all were released during ovulation or have regressed. remaining ones are unresponsive and immature |
| Pelvis | basin shaped structure at lower end of spine. protects lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs. |
| posterior wall of pelvis is formed by | the sacrum |
| 3 fused bones that make up side and anterior walls of pelvis | ilium, ischium and pubis. |
| linea terminalis (pelvic brim, iliopectineal line) | imaginary line that divides upper (false) pelvis from lower (true) pelvis |
| false pelvis purpose | provide support for internal organs and upper part of body |
| true pelvis purpose | important during childbirth. |
| Pelvic fascia | fibromuscular sheet support pelvic organs. the vaginal and urethral openings are in this. |
| levator ani | collection of 3 pairs of muscles. pubococcygeus (pubovaginal muscle) puborectal and iliococcygeus. they support internal pelvic structures and resist increases in intraabdominal pressure. |
| broad ligament | sheet of tissue extending from each side of uterus to lateral pelvic wall. contains ovarian ligaments, blood vessels and lymphatics |
| cardinal ligaments | support lower uterus and vagina. Extend from lateral walls of cervix and vagina to side walls of pelvis |
| ovarian ligaments | connect ovaries to lateral uterine walls |
| infundibulopelvic (suspensory) ligaments | connect lateral ovary and distal fallopian tubes to pelvic side walls. Carries blood vessel and nerve supply for ovary |
| round ligaments | connect upper uterus to conn. tissue of labia majora. maintain uterus position and guide fetal presenting part against cervix during labor. |
| pubocervical ligament | support cervix anteriorly. Connect cervix to interior surface of symphysis pubis. |
| uterosacral ligaments | posterior support, extend from lower posterior uterus to sacrum. contain sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of autonomic NS |
| uterine blood supply | carried by uterine arteries, branches of internal iliac artery. enter uterus at lower border of broad ligament, near isthmus. Coiled vessels allow for expansion during pregnancy. |
| ovarian blood supply | from upper branch of uterine artery and from ovarian artery from abdominal aorta. |
| automatic nervous functions of the reproductive system | nerves from uterovaginal plexus and inferior hypogastric plexus. |
| sensory and motor nerves of reproductive organs | enter spinal cord at T12 through L2. important during childbearing for pain mgmt. |
| female reproductive cycle | regular and recurrent changes in the anterior pituitary secretions, ovaries and uterine endometrium that are designed to prep body for pregnancy. Divided into the ovarian cycle and the endometrial cycle. |
| reproductive cycle time frame | 20-45 days - w/ significant deviation from the normal 28 days associated w/ reduced fertility. |
| Ovarian cycle | consists of 3 phases: follicular, ovulatory, luteal. |
| follicular phase | ovum matures.day 1-14(vary) dec. estro./progest. by ovary>FSH/LH by ant. pit.>6-12 graafian folli's grow fast>folli's -estrogen speed matur. by inc. sensitiv. to FSH. mature ovum -estrogen > dec. fsh. no other ovum maturity. 2+ ovums released - multifetal |
| Ovulatory phase | near middle of 28 day cycle. ~2 days b4 ovulation. LH large inc., FSH inc. > dec. follicular estrogen inc. progesterone > final maturation of single follicle and release of mature ovum. stigma on follicle wall ruptures ovum to fimriae of fallopian. |
| stigma | blisterlike projection |
| Luteal phase | ovulation>LH-old folli. 12days as corpus luteum s-est/prog-prep endometrium for fert. ovum. inc. est/prog dec fsh/lh. if fert. s-hCG-keep c.l. for early preg. no fert. fsh/lh dec. c.l. regres.> dec. est/prog stim ant.pit inc FSH/LH new cycle. period. |
| Regressed corpus luteum becomes | fibrous tissue called corpus albicans |
| Endometrial cycle | Contains proliferative, secretory and menstrual phases. Endometrium responsive to ovarian hormone stimulation w/ cyclic changes. |
| Proliferative phase | as ovum matures and released. endometrium thin, only basal layer. cells multiply form new layer and glands due to est. from maturing ovum. near ovulation endometrial glands s-thing mucus aids sperm entry. |
| Secretory phase | second half of cycle. uterus prep for fert. ovum. endometrium thickening due to est/prog from c.l. max thickness 5-6 mm. prog. from c.l. > endometrium s-nourishing substance to fert. ovum. Glycogen/prot./lipids/minerals stored in endometrium for ovum. |
| Menstrual phase | no fert. c.l. regresses est/prog dec. 2 days pre menses, vasospasm of endometrial blood vessels cause endometrium to become ishemic and necrotic. necrotic areas separate from basal layer - menses. lasts ~5days. lose 40 mL blood. anemia risk. |
| Cervical mucos during most of female reproductive cycle | scant, thick and sticky |
| cervical mucus before ovulation | thin, clear and elastic to promote mov't sperm into uterus and fallopian tubes |
| spinnbarkeit | elasticity of cervical mucus. |
| Montgomery tubercles | sebaceous glands in areola of breast. Enlarge and secrete substance to keep nipple soft during pregnanc/lactation |
| glandular tissue of breast | secrete milk. 15-20 lobes behind nipple and areola. |
| fibrous breast tissue purpose | provides support to glandular tissue, blood vesels, lymphatics and nerves. |
| Acini | milk secreting cells within alveoli. extracts substances from mammary blood supply to make milk when property stimulated by ant. pit. |
| Myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli purpose | contract and eject milk into lactiferous ducts when signaled by s- of oxytocin from post. pit. |
| lactiferous sinuses | widened lactiferous ducts under areola. then narrow to connect to outside nipple |
| Breast size | determined by fat deposit. not related to milk production ability. |
| during pregnancy alveoli and ductal system grow due to | estrogen/progesterone from placenta to prepare for lactation |
| Prolactin | secreted by anterior pituitary gland stimulates milk production during pregnancy, inhibited by estrogen/progesterone by placenta. Once placenta expelled, active milk production occurs in response to infant nursing. |
| External reproductive organs of male | penis and scrotum |
| functions of the penis | urinary tract - carries urine from bladder during urination. reproductive - carries semen into female |
| The penis is mostly made up of | erectile tissue - spongy tissue w/ small spaces inside. corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra), two columns corpus cavernosum (each side of penis) |
| sexual stimulation effect on penis | arteries dilate, veins partly occluded. trapped blood in spongy tissue. causes erection and enables man to penetrate vagina. |
| scrotum function | keep testes cooler than core body temperature. Cremaster muscle attached to each testicle - when tightened testes drawn closer to body to warm. relaxed scrotum farther away. |
| Function of testes. | endocrine gland- produce gametes (sperm - spermatozoa) and androgens from Leydig cells(male sex hormones primarily testosterone) |
| Where does spermatogenesis occur | seminiferous tubules of testes. tiny coiled tubes. |
| Leydig cells | interstitial cells support seminiferous tubules and secrete testoterone. |
| Sertoli cells | in seminiferous tubules respond to fsh secretion by nourishing and supporting sperm as they mature. |
| sperm production over lifetime | start at puberty - continuously making new - decreased amounts made as age. |
| Ejaculation sperm content | 35 to 200 million sperm. |
| epididymis | sperm come from seminiferous tubules here for storage and maturation. gain mobility function, but epidiymis secretions inhibit actual motility until ejaculation |
| storage of sperm | epididymis and vas deferens |
| seminal fluid | comes from three glands - seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands. nourishes sperm. protects from acidic environment of vagina. enhances motility and washes sperm out of urethra so maximum # deposited in vagina. |
Created by:
FSclafani
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