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Chapter 8
The Muscular system
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Bursae | Small, synovial lined sacs located between some tendons and underlying bones acting as a cushion |
Sarcomere | Basic contractile unit |
Sliding filament theory | Muscle contraction mechanism |
Prime Mover | mainly responsible for producing a given movement |
Synergist muscles | Help the prime mover produce a given movement |
Antagonist muscles | oppose the action of a prime mover in a given movement |
Eccentric contraction | Tension during muscle lengthening |
Oxygen debt | EPOC or excessive post-exercise consumption |
Motor Unit | Combination of motor neuron with the muscle fibers it controls |
Threshold Stimulus | Minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract |
Isotonic Contraction | Produces movement at a joint because the muscle changes length |
Walking, Running | Produced by isotonic contractions |
Myofilaments | composed of proteins called Actin and Myosin |
Fatigue | Muscle fibers are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction decreases |
Concentric Contraction | Muscle shortens |
Disuse Atrophy | A condition cause during prolonged inactivity, muscles usually shrink in mass |
Hypertrophy | Increase in muscle size |
Strength training | Muscle hypertrophy can be enhanced by this |
Endurance training | Also called Aerobic training |
Supination and Pronation | Hand positions that result from twisting forearm |
Mastication | Chewing composed of Masseter and the Temporal |
Sternocleidomastoid | Rotates and flexes head and neck |
Trapezius | Extends head and neck |
Intercostal muscles | located between the ribs |
Diaphragm | Muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
Hamstring Muscles | (3) Muscles are called Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris |
Skeletal muscle | Also called Striated or voluntary muscle |
Thick myofilaments | Formed from a protein called myosin |
Thin myofilaments | Mainly composed of the protein actin |
Myoglobin | Large protein molecule in the cytoplasm of muscle cells that attracts oxygen and holds it temporarily |
Flexion | A movement that makes the angle between two bones at their joint smaller |
Extension | A movement that makes the angle between two bones at their joint larger |
Rotation | A movement around a longitudinal axis |
Triceps Brachii | "Boxers muscle" |
Abdominal Muscles | Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique, Transversus abdominis |
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion | Foot movements (upward and downward ankle movement) |
Hypothermia | A body temperature below normal |