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Chapter 3
Term | Definition |
---|---|
unity of place | Alexander von Humboldt's notion that in a particular locale or region intricate connections exist among climate, geology, biology, and human cultures. This laid the foundation for geography as an integrative discipline marked by a spatial perspective |
indigenous peoples | aboriginal or native; an example would be the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas |
Altiplano | high-elevation plateau, basin, or valley between even higher mountain ranges, especially in the Andes of South America |
land alienation | one society or culture group taking land from another |
liberation theology | a powerful religious movement that arose in South America during the 1950's, and gained followers throughout the global periphery. Based on a blend of Christian faith and socialist thinking. |
cultural pluralism | a diversity of ancestral and traditional backgrounds |
commercial agriculture | for-profit agriculture |
subsistence agriculture | farmers who eke out a living on a small plot of land on which they are only able to grow enough food to support their family or at best a small community |
remote sensing | the indirect capture of images by specially equipped, Earth-orbiting satellites |
uneven development | the notion that economic development varies spatially, a central tenet of core-periphery relationships in realms, regions, and lesser geographic entities |
supranationalism | a venture involving three or more states-political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objects |
rural-to-urban migration | the dominant migration flow from countryside to city that continues to transform the world's population, most notably in the less advantaged geographic realms. |
informal sector | dominated by unlicensed sellers of homemade goods and services, the primitive form of capitalism found in many developing countries that takes place beyond the control of government. the complement to a country's formal sector |
Barrio | term meaning "neighborhood" in spanish. usually refers to an urban community in a Middle or South American city |
Favela | shantytown on the outskirts or even well within an urban area in Brazil |
megacity | Informal term referring to the world's most heavily populated cities; in this book, the term refers to metropolis containing a population of greater than 10 million. |
central business district | the downtown heart of a central city; marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings |
gini index | a measure of inequality within a given area, ranging from 0-100 |
Dependencia theory | theory originating in South America during the 1960's, it was na new way of thinking about economic development and underdevelopment that explained the persistent poverty of certain countries in terms of their unequal relations with other countries |
insurgent state | territorial embodiment of a successful guerrilla movement. the establishment by anti government insurgents of a territorial base in which they exercise full control; thus a state within a state |
failed state | a country whose institutions have collapsed and in which anarchy prevails |
neoliberal policies | policies adhering to an ideology or development strategy that advocates the privatization of state-run companies, lowering of international trade tariffs, reduction of government subsidies, cutting of corporate taxes, and overall deregulation of activity |
landlocked country | an interior state wholly surrounded by land. without coasts, such. country is disadvantaged in terms of accessibility to international traded routes, and in the scramble for possession of areas of the continental shelf and control the economic zone |
human development index | a UN index that is a composite measure of life expectancy, education, and income per capita. it is used ti rank countries within a four level classification under its name |
triple frontier | an area in South America that surrounds the convergence of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. |
primate city | a country's largest city-ranking atop its urban hierarchy-most expensive of the national culture and usually the capital city as well |
viticulture | the growing of grapes for the production of wine |
elongation | refers to the territorial configuration of a state that is at least six times longer than its average width. Chile is the most prominent example of this shape on the world map |
buffer state | a small neutral country situated between two larger hostile countries and serving to prevent the outbreak of regional conflict |
Entrepot | a place usually a port city, where goods are imported, stored and transhipped; a break of bulk point |
forward capital | capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near an international border; it confirms the state's determination to maintain its presence in the area of contention |
cerrado | regional term referring to the fertile savannas of Brazil's interior Central-West that make it one of the worlds most promising agricultural frontiers |
negative externalities | undesirable side-effects and/or byproducts of an action. the downside consequence of dam construction in Brazil's Amazon Basin in the form of further deforestation, other environmental degradation, and the displacement of es=xisting communities |
growth-pole concept | an urban center with a number of attributes that, if augmented by investment support, will stimulate regional economic development in its hinterland |