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Chapter 25

Pharmacology Exam 3

QuestionAnswer
results from an injury to the musculoskeletal system (such as tearing a muscle) and can cause violent and painful involuntary muscle contractions muscle spasms
muscle spasms cause pain because muscular contraction cuts off blood flow to the muscle fiber, causing _____ _______ to accumulate lactic acid
______ is the result of damage to neurons within the CNS, rather than from damage to something in the periphery. spasticity
spasticity is permanent. true or false? true
excessive stimulation of the muscles hypertonia
ALL drugs used to cause skeletal muscle relaxation produce their effects through actions in the CNS except what? dantrolene
causes of _____ _____ are epilepsy, hypocalcemia, pain syndromes (acute and chronic), and trauma (localized skeletal muscle injury) muscle spasm
(1) immobilization of affected muscle (2) cold compresses (3) whirlpool baths (4) physical therapy are all examples of what? physical measures for the treatment of muscle spasm
the goal of physical measures of spasm treatment is to _____ the muscle to allow blood flow back to the muscle group and get rid of the excess lactic acid stretch
(1) muscle relaxant (2) analgesic (3) analgesic anti-inflammatory (4) steroids are all classes of drugs used to treat what? muscle spasm
drugs that lyse (destroy) the cells that cause muscle spasm spasmolytics
a centrally-acting alpha-adrenergic agonist thought to increase inhibition of the presynaptic motor neurons in the CNS tizanidine
the primary indication of tizanidine is relief of discomfort associated with _____ painful musculoskeletal condition acute
tizanidine is _____ to other physical actions adjunctive
tizanidine works int eh _____ levels of the CNS, so possible depression must be anticipated with its use upper
_____ is given because it can be effective in the centrally-acting skeletal muscles as a relaxant. this drug can be more advantageous in situations where anxiety may contribute to precipitation of the muscle spasm. diazepam
diazepam relieves _____ spasm, which reduces pain and tenderness, which increases ROM local
_____ and _____ are used therapeutically to: (1) relieve localized spasm cause by muscle injury (2) decrease local pain & tenderness (3) increases ROM (4) causes sedation diazepam; tizanidine
adverse effects of diazepam and tizanidine include _____ CNS depression, hepatic toxicity, and physical dependence generalized
movement disorders of the CNS that originate from damage to the actual nerve spasticity
the most common causes of spasticity are _____ and _____ _____. MS; cerebral palsy
hypertonia, spasm, and loss of dexterity are all characteristics of what? muscle spasticity
(1) baleen (Lioresal) (2) diazepam (valium) (3) dantrolene (tantrum) are all drugs used to treat what? spasticity
dantrolene acts directly on the _____ _____, unlike other drugs used to treat spasticity that act not the CNS smooth muscle
where does Baclofen act to suppress hyperactive reflexes? spinal cord
alleviation of s/s of spasticity of spinal cord injuries or spinal cord disease are all indications for what drug? baclofen
(1) transient drowsiness (2) dizziness (3) weakness (4) fatigue (5) constipation (6) headache (7) insomnia (8) hypotension (9) nausea (10) urinary frequency are all examples of adverse effects of what drug? baclofen
what is the half-life of Baclofen? 3-4 hours
does Baclofen get metabolized? no, it is excreted in the urine
what form of drug administration is when the drug is injected right into the spinal or join area? intrathecal
what forms is Baclofen available in? oral, intrathecal, and delivery pump
what is the only drug labeled to treat spasticity? diazepam
diazepam acts int eh CNS to mimic the action of what? GABA
what are 3 adverse effects of diazepam? sedation, hypotension, anterograde amnesia
diazepam can be given as a tablet, oral solution, rectal gel, or injection via IV or IM. however, rectal gel is reserved for what? seizures
IV or IM diazepam works better than the other forms if that patient is having an acute episode of what _____ _____ osmotic pain
diazepam is a schedule ______ controlled substance? four
with chronic use in high-dose therapy of _____, physical dependence manifesting as a potentially life-threatening abstinence syndrome if abruptly withdrawn can occur diazepam
what drug acts directly on the muscle to suppress the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum dantrolene
dantrolene is used to treat spasticity associated with MS, _____ _____, and _____ _____ injury, as well as malignant hyperthermia cerebral palsy; spinal cord
a potentially fatal condition caused by succinylcholine and general anesthetics malignant hyperthermia
_____ muscle spasm is treated with centrally-acting muscle relaxants and OTC analgesics, such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs localized
all centrally-acting muscle relaxants produce what? generalized CNS depression
what central muscle relaxants less effective than other available drugs and can cause fatal hepatic necrosis chlorzoxazone
abrupt discontinuation of intrathecal Baclofen an lead to what? rhabdomyolysis, multiple organ system failure, and death
a condition that results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream rhabdomyolysis
_____ can cause potentially fatal liver damage with prolonged use. therefore, liver functions should be monitored and the dosage should be minimized during treatment dantrolene
Created by: meaganherlein
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