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South America

South America Vocab

TermDefinition
Unity of Place The great German natural scientist Alexander von Humboldt’s notion that in a particular locale or region intricate connections exist among climate, geology, biology, and human cultures.
Indegineus Aboriginal or native; an example would be the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas.
Altiplano High-elevation plateau, basin, or valley between even higher mountain ranges, especially in the Andes of South America.
Land Alienation One society or culture group taking land from another.
Liberation theology A powerful religious movement that arose in South America during the 1950s, and subsequently gained followers throughout the global periphery.
Cultural pluralism A society in which two or more population groups, each practicing its own culture, live adjacent to one another without mixing inside a single state.
Commercial agriculture For-profit agriculture.
Subsistence agriculture Farmers who eke out a living on a small plot of land on which they are only able to grow enough food to support their families or at best a small community.
Remote sensing The indirect capture of images by specially equipped, Earth-orbiting satellites.
Uneven development The notion that economic development varies spatially, a central tenet of core-periphery relationships in realms, regions, and lesser geographic entities.
Supranationalism A venture involving three or more states—political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives.
Rural-to-urban migration The dominant migration flow from countryside to city that continues to transform the world’s population, most notably in the less advantaged geographic realms.
Informal sector Dominated by unlicensed sellers of homemade goods and services, the primitive form of capitalism found in many developing countries that takes place beyond the control of government. The complement to a country’s formal sector.
Barrio Term meaning “neighborhood” in Spanish. Usually refers to an urban community in a Middle or South American city.
Favela Shantytown on the outskirts or even well within an urban area in Brazil.
Megacity Informal term referring to the world’s most heavily populated cities; in this book, the term refers to a metropolis containing a population of greater than 10 million.
Central business district The downtown heart of a central city; marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings.
Gini Index A measure of inequality within a given area, ranging from 0 to 100. A value of 0 indicates that income is equally distributed across an area’s population; a value of 100 indicates that all income is concentrated in the hands of a single recipient.
Dependencia theory Originating in South America during the 1960s, it was a way of thinking about economic development and underdevelopment that explained the persistent poverty of certain countries of their unequal relations with other (i.e., rich) countries.
Insurgent State Territorial embodiment of a successful guerrilla movement. The establishment by antigovernment insurgents of a territorial base in which they exercise full control; thus a state within a state.
Failed state A country whose institutions have collapsed and in which anarchy prevails.
Neo Liberal policies Policies adhering to an ideology or development strategy that advocates the privatization of state-run companies, lowering of international trade tariffs, reduction of government subsidies, cutting of corporate taxes of business activity.
Landlocked Location An interior state wholly surrounded by land. Without coasts, such a country is disadvantaged in terms of accessibility to international trade routes, and in the scramble for possession of areas of the continental shelf.
Human development index A UN index that is a composite measure of life expectancy, education, and income per capita. It is used to rank countries within a four-level classification under this name.
Triple Frontier The turbulent and chaotic area in southern South America that surrounds the convergence of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Lawlessness pervades this haven for criminal elements
Primate City A country’s largest city—ranking atop its urban hierarchy—most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not in every case) the capital city as well.
Elongation In political geography, refers to the territorial configuration of a state that is at least six times longer than its average width. Chile is the most prominent example of this shape on the world map.
Created by: Scarrr
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