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Test 1
A & P 1-4
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Anatomy | study of body structure |
Physiology | study of body functions |
-tomy | cutting |
-physio | nature, physical |
-logy | study of |
Disease | disrupts normal structure/function of body |
Pathology | study of disease |
Living matter is constructed of | water, salts, sugars, fats, and proteins |
Cells | basic unit of all life |
Tissues form | specialized groups of cells |
Tissues function together as | organs |
Organs functioning together | the body system |
Integumentary system | the skin; protects from injury and infection |
Skeletal system | body's basic framework |
Muscular system | attached bones; produces movement |
Nervous system | electrical signals sent by nerves to the brain; directs responses |
Endocrine system | secretes hormones; regulates growth, nutrient use, and reproduction |
Cardiovascular system | the heart and blood vessels; pumps blood throughout body |
Lymphatic system | supports circulation; returns fluids from tissues to blood |
Respiratory system | lungs and pathway of lungs; takes in air for gas exchange |
Digestive system | takes in, converts, and absorbs nutrients into circulation |
Urinary system | eliminates soluble waste, water, and regulates body fluids |
Reproductive system | production of offspring |
Homeostasis | state of internal balance |
What is an example of homeostatic imbalance | disease |
How the body maintains homeostasis | negative feedback |
The 3 parts of negative feedback | sensor, control center, effector |
Sensor | gathers information |
Control Center | compares sensor information to set point |
The bodies ability to maintain homeostasis relies on | barriers from internal/external environment |
Cellular fluid | within cells |
Extracellular fluid | outside cells |
-intra | within |
-extra | outside |
Gradient | promotes the flow of a substance |
Resistance | opposes the flow of a substance |
Anatomic Position | standing upright, face front, arms at sides, palms forward, feet parallel |
Superior | above or higher |
Anterior or Ventral | toward the belly; front of body |
Posterior or Dorsal | nearer the back |
Medial | midline of body; divides into left/right sections |
Lateral | toward the side; farther from midline |
Proximal | nearer to origin or point of attachment |
Distal | farther from origin or point of attachment |
Frontal plane | cut in line with ears down middle of body |
Sagittal plane | cut from front to back; right/left portions |
Midsagittal plane | cut down midline; equal right/left halves |
Transverse plane | horizontal cut; divides body into superior/inferior parts |
CT | Computed Tomography |
MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
Two main body cavities | Dorsal and Ventral |
Two subdivisions of dorsal cavity | Cranial cavity and Spinal cavity |
Larger than dorsal cavity; separated by diaphragm | Ventral cavity |
Ventral cavity above diaphragm | Thoracic cavity |
Cranial cavity contains | the Brain |
Spinal cavity contains | Spinal cord |
Cavity with heart, lungs, blood vessels that join heart | Thoracic cavity |
Space between the lungs | Mediastinum |
Anything that upsets normal structure/function of the body | disease |
Located in the Ventral cavity; the abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into two different regions called | abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity |
Abdominal cavity contains | stomach, most of the intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen |
Pelvic cavity contains | urinary bladder, rectum, internal parts of reproductive system |
Remain within a narrow range or set point in the body; body temperature, volume/composition of body fluids, gas concentrations, and blood pressure | regulated variables |
-dis | apart, away from |
home/o- | same |
-stat, stasis | constancy |
Radiology | study/use of radioactive substances |
co- | together |
These bonds form when atoms share electrons | Covalent bonds |
aqu/e- | water |
In what solution is water considered the solvent | aqueous |
heter/o- | different |
These solutions are different throughout | heterogeneous |
hom/o - | same |
These mixtures are the same throughout | homogenous |
hydr/o- | water |
Deficiency of water | dehydration |
-phil | to like |
Substances "like" water--- they mix with or dissolve in it | hydrophilic |
phob/o | fear |
substances "fear" water--- they repel and do not dissolve in it | hydrophobic |
-ase | suffix used in naming enzymes |
An enzyme that acts on lipids | lipase |
de- | remove |
Changes its nature and ability to function of a protein | denaturation |
di- | twice, double |
Consists of two simple sugars | disaccharide |
glyc/o | sugar, glucose, sweet |
Storage form of glucose--- breaks down to release glucose | glycogen |
mon/o | one |
Consists of one simple sugar | monosaccharide |
poly- | many |
Consists of many simple sugars | polysaccharide |
sacchar/o | sugar |
tri- | three |
ana- | upward, again, back |
cata- | down |
kine, kinet/o | movement |
Energy of movement | kinetic |
Breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones | catabolism |
Building up of simple substances into more complex substances | anabolism |
Have one fatty acid attached to each of three carbon atoms | triglycerides |
cyt/o | cell |
study of cells | cytology |
micr/o | small |
used to view structures to small to see with the naked eye | microscope |
bi- | two |
chrom/o | color |
end/o | in, within |
lys/o | loosening, dissolving, separating |
-some | body |
small bodies in the cytoplasm that help make proteins | ribosomes |
small bodies (organelles) with enzymes that dissolve materials | lysosomes |
membranous network within the cytoplasm | endoplasmic reticulum |
small, threadlike bodies that stain darkly with basic dyes | chromosomes |
double layer of lipid molecules | lipid bilayer |
ex/o | outside, out of, away |
hem/o | blood |
hyper- | above, over, excessive |
hypo- | deficient, below, beneath |
iso- | same, equal |
phag/o | to eat, ingest |
pin/o | to drink |
semi- | partial, half |
membrane that lets some molecules pass through but not others | semipermeable |
in this, the plasma membrane engulfs large particles and moves them into the cell | phagocytosis |
in this, the plasma membrane "drinks" (engulfs) droplets of fluid | pinocytosis |
this solution has the same concentration as that of the cytoplasm | isotonic |
solutions' concentration is lower than that of the cytoplasm | hypotonic |
solutions' concentration is higher than that of the cytoplasm | hypertonic |
destruction of red blood cells | hemolysis |
in this, the cell moves material out from vesicles | exocytosis |
ana- | upward, back, again |
inter- | between |
meta- | change |
pro- | before, in front of |
tel/o | end |
carcin/o | cancer, carcinoma |
-gen | agent that produces or originates |
chemical that causes cancer | carcinogen |
the last stage of mitosis | telophase |
the first stage of mitosis | prophase |
second stage of mitosis--- when the chromosomes change position and line up across the equator | metaphase |
the stage between one cell division and the next | interphase |
stage of mitosis, where chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell | anaphase |
hist/o | tissue |
study of tissues | histology |
epi- | on, upon |
this tissue covers body surfaces | epithelial tissue |
pseud/o | false |
this epithelium appears to be in several layers but is not | pseudostratified epithelium |
blast/o | immature cell, early stage of cell |
a cell that produces fibers | fibroblast |
chondr/o | cartilage |
a cartilage cell | chondrocyte |
oss, osse/o | bone, bone tissue |
this tissue is bone tissue | osseous |
oste/o | bone, bone tissue |
is a mature bone cell | osteocyte |
cardi/o | heart |
my/o | muscle |
this is the heart muscle | myocardium |
neur/o | nerve, nerve system |
athr/o | joint |
-itis | inflamation |
peri- | around |
pleur/o | side, rib |
is inflammation of a joint | arthritis |
wraps around the abdominal organs | peritoneum |
inflammation of the peritoneum | peritonitis |
are membranes that line the chest cavity | pleurae |
aden/o | gland |
angi/o | vessel |
ant/i- | against |
graph/o | writing, record |
leuk/o | white, colorless |
mal- | bad, discolored, diseased, abnormal |
neo- | new |
-oma | tumor, swelling |
onc/o | tumor |
papill/o | nipple |
ultra- | beyond |
high-frequency sound waves | ultrasound |
projecting (nipple-like) tumor | papilloma |
specialist in cancer treatment | oncologist |
tumor that originates in adipose tissue | lipoma |
abnormal growth of new cells, a tumor | neoplasm |
spreads to other parts of the body | malignant |
cancer of white blood cells | leukemia |
x-ray imaging of the breast | mammography |
drug active against cancer | antineoplastic agent |
a tumor composed of small vessels | angioma |
tumor of a gland | adenoma |