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CH 22-24
Cardiovascular system
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Angiocardiography | diagnostic procedure in which a radiopaque dye is injected into a vein and its course through the heart is recorded by a series of radiographic pictures taken in rapid succession |
Aortic valve | heart valve (opening) between the left ventricle and aorta that prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricle after the heart contracts |
Aortography | diagnostic procedure that detects aortic abnormalities such as aneurysms and arterial occlusions by injecting contrast medium and taking radiographic films of the abdominal aorta and major arteries in the legs |
Arteries | blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood |
Arteriography | diagnostic procedure that involves instilling dye, referred to as contrast medium, into an artery |
Arterioles | smallest oxygen-carrying blood vessels |
Atria | upper chambers of the heart |
Atrioventricular (AV) valves | openings between the atria and ventricles |
Baroreceptors | stretch receptors in aortic arch & carotid sinus signal brain to release ADH when blood volume decreases, systolic bp falls, or right atrium is underfilled, & to suppress ADH when blood volume increases, systolic bp rises, or right atrium is overfilled |
Bicuspid valve | opening between the left atrium and left ventricle -also known as mitral valve |
Capillaries | blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules |
Cardiac catheterization | diagnostic test performed in an operative setting during which a catheter is inserted from a peripheral blood vessel in the groin, arm, or neck into one of the great vessels and then into the heart |
Cardiac cycle | sequence of electrical and mechanical events in the atria and ventricles that result in a heartbeat |
Cardiac output | volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute |
Chemoreceptors | structures that are sensitive to the pH, CO2, and oxygen in the blood and regulate sympathetic nervous system stimulation or inhibition |
Conduction system | neural tissue that sustains the electrical activity of the heart |
Coronary arteries | blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to cardiac muscles |
Coronary veins | blood vessels that carry blood containing carbon dioxide into the coronary sinus in the right atrium |
Coronary ostia | openings to the coronary arteries |
Depolarization | stage in electrophysiology when positive ions move inside the myocardial cell membranes and the negative ions move outside |
Diastolic blood pressure | arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation |
Echocardiography | diagnostic procedure, uses ultrasound waves to determine functioning of left ventricle & to detect cardiac tumors, congenital defects, & changes in tissue layers of the heart |
Electrocardiography | graphic recording of the electrical currents generated by the heart muscle |
Endocardium | innermost layer of the heart |
Epicardium | inner serous layer of the pericardium -visceral pericardium |
Exercise electrocardiography | diagnostic test that images electrical activity of heart while client walks on treadmill, pedals a stationary bicycle, or climbs up & down stairs -also known as stress test |
Inferior vena cava | large blood vessel that delivers unoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium |
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | diagnostic tool identifies disorders that affect many different structures in the body without performing surgery: magnetic field excites hydrogen atoms within body creating radio signal that is converted to image on a computer monitor |
Mediastinum | portion of the thoracic cavity that contains the trachea and major blood vessels |
Mitral valve | opening between the left atrium and left ventricle -also known as bicuspid valve |
Myocardium | muscle layer of the heart |
Pericardium | saclike structure that surrounds and supports the heart |
Polarization | stage during diastole when positive ions predominate outside myocardial cell membranes and negative ions predominate inside |
Pulmonary artery | only artery that carries deoxygenated blood -branches to deliver venous blood to the right and left lung |
Pulmonic valve | opening between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery |
Pulse deficit | difference between the apical and radial heart rates |
Refractory period | time in diastole during which cells are resistant to electrical stimulation |
Repolarization | stage in cardiac electrophysiology when ions realign themselves in their original position and wait for an electrical impulse |
Sarcopenia | condition characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function |
Buerger's disease | inflammation of blood vessels associated with clot formation & fibrosis of blood vessel wall primarily in small arteries and veins of the legs |
Cardiac tamponade | compression of the heart with blood that accumulates within the pericardium |
Cardiomyopathy | chronic condition characterized by structural changes in the heart muscle |
Chorea | characterized by jerky involuntary movements and an inability to use skeletal muscles in a coordinated manner |
Decortication | surgical removal of the pericardium to allow more adequate filling and contraction of the heart chambers |
Deep vain thrombosis | inflammation of a vein deep in the lower extremities accompanied by clot or thrombus formation |
Effusion | accumulation of fluid within two layers of tissue |
Emboli | moving mass of particles, either solid or gas, within the bloodstream |
Impedance plethysmography | test for diagnosing clots within deep veins by recording blood volume in arm or leg before & after inflating a blood pressure cuff to stop venous blood flow |
Infective endocarditis | inflammation of the inner layer of heart tissue as a result of an infectious microorganism |
Intermittent claudication | leg pain with exercise |
Janeway lesions | small, painless, red-blue macular sores |
Murmur | atypical heart sound |
Myocardial disarray | alteration in the usual alignment of myofibrils |
Myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium - (muscle layer of heart) |
Myofibrils | contractile component of muscle tissue |
Osler's nodes | purplish, painful nodules in the pads of the fingers, toes, palms, & soles of feet -indicative of bacterial endocarditis |
Pericardiectomy | surgical removal of the pericardium to allow more adequate filling and contraction of the heart chambers |
Pericardiocentesis | needle aspiration of fluid from between the visceral and parietal pericardium |
Pericardiostomy | procedure in which a surgical opening is made in the pericardium to drain fluid |
Pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
Petechiae | tiny reddish hemorrhagic spots on the skin and mucous membranes |
Polyarthritis | inflammation of more than one joint |
Postphlebitic syndrome | vascular complication that occurs up to 5 years after treatment of thrombophlebitis |
Precordial pain | pain in the anterior chest overlying the heart |
Pulmonary embolus | thrombus that migrates to the pulmonary circulation |
Pulsus paradoxus | assessment finding characterized by a difference of 10mm Hg or more between the first Korotkoff sound heralding systolic blood pressure heard during expiration and the first that is heard during inspiration |
Rheumatic carditis | inflammatory cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever in either the acute or later stage |
Roth's spots | white areas in the retina surrounded by areas of hemorrhage |
Sequelae | pathological condition resulting from disease, injury, therapy, or other trauma |
Splinter hemorrhages | black longitudinal lines in the nails |
Sympathectomy | procedure that interrupts or suppresses some portion of the sympathetic nerve pathway |
Syncope | sudden loss of consciousness |
Thrombectomy | surgical removal of a thrombus (clot) |
Thromboangitis obliterans | inflammation of blood vessels associated with clot formation and fibrosis of the blood vessel wall |
Thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein accompanied by clot or thrombus formation |
Vegetations | accumulation of inflammatory debris around the valve leaflets of the heart in rheumatic carditis |
Vena caval filter | surgically inserted umbrella-like sieve used to trap emboli before they reach the heart and lungs |
Vena caval plication | surgical procedure that changes the lumen of the vena cava from a single channel to several small channels through the use of a suture or Teflon clip |
Venography | procedure that uses radiopaque dye instilled into the venous system to identify a filling defect in the area of a clot |
Ventriculomyomectomy | procedure involving the removal of thickened myocardial muscle from the septum |
Virchow's triad | three factors that contribute to formation of thrombi -slow circulation, alternated blood coagulation, & trauma to the vein |
Aortic regurgitation | backward flow of blood that occurs when the aortic valve does not close tightly |
Aortic stenosis | narrowing of the aortic valve's opening when its cusps become stiff and rigid |
Arrhythmia | erratic heart rhythm or rate that is too fast or slow -sometimes referred to as dysrhythmias |
Balloon valvuloplasty | invasive, nonsurgical procedure to enlarge narrowed heart valve using deflated balloon threaded through peripheral blood vessel into stenotic valve, then inflated to stretch opening |
Commissures | area where the cusps of a cardiac valve contact each other |
Dysrhythmia | conduction disorder results in abnormally slow or rapid heart rate or rate that does not proceed through the conduction system in the usual manner |
Mitral regurgitation | backward flow of blood that occurs when the mitral valve does not close completely -also known as mitral insufficiency |
Mitral stenosis | disorder in which the mitral valve does not open sufficiently to facilitate filling of the left ventricle |
Mitral valve prolapse | disorder in which the mitral valve cusps enlarge, become floppy, and bulge backward into the left atrium |
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome | cluster of symptoms associated with autonomic NS dysfunction in which changes in mitral valve tissue layers cause its cusps to distend, stretching the papillary muscles and leading to valvular incompetence |
Point of maximum impulse | place on the chest wall where heart pulsations are most strongly felt |
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) | minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter traverses the aortic valve, diseased leaflets are opened via an inflated balloon, and a replacement valve is inserted |
Valvular incompetence | condition in which the aortic valve does not close tightly |
Valvular regurgitation | leaking of blood backward through a valve that does not close tightly |
Water-hammer pulse | assessment finding characterized as strong radial pulse with quick, sharp beats followed by a sudden collapse of force |
Commissurotomy | surgical technique to separate the fused valve leaflets |