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Exam #8 Key Terms
Key Terms Chapters 18, 20, 31, & 39
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pain | a feeling of discomfort strong enough to be intrusive and to affect or interfere with normal activity |
| Gate Control Theory | view of pain transmission as being controlled by a gate mechanism in the CNS |
| Endorphins | endogenous, naturally occurring, opiate-like peptides that reduce or block the perception of pain |
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) | uses a small electrical stimulator attached to electrodes to block pain |
| Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS) | an electric current is sent through thin needle probes positioned in the soft tissues and muscles of the back. -series of intermittent treatments are given |
| Distraction | assists the patient in focusing on something other than the pain |
| Guided Imagery | verbally guiding the patient to imagine something |
| Meditation | focusing on an image, thought, the breath, or awareness |
| Hypnosis | -also called therapeutic suggestion -induces a trance-like state |
| Massage | -induces relaxation -relief from muscle/structural pain |
| Analgesic | pain relieving |
| Bolus | concentrated dose given rapidly |
| PCA | analgesia doses controlled by the patient |
| Epidural Analgesia | an anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist places a thin catheter in epidural space near base of spine, connects catheter to small battery-operated programmable pump |
| Non-rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep | The state of sleep when the body receives the most rest |
| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep | Period of sleep when the brain waves are fast and of low voltage, and autonomic activities (heart rate/respiration) are irregular -sleep associated with dreaming |
| Insomnia | difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep at night |
| Sleep Apnea | condition where person stops breathing for brief periods during sleep |
| Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) | Oxygen delivered at positive pressure to keep alveoli open that would normally close upon expiration -used for patients with sleep apnea |
| Narcolepsy | sudden-onset, recurrent, uncontrollable, brief episodes of sleep during normal hours of wakefulness in a well-rested person |
| Bone | dense, hard type of connective tissue -types: short, long, flat, irregular |
| Joint | place of union of two or more bones in the body |
| Bursae | small, fluid-filled sacs that provide a cushion at friction points in freely moveable joints |
| Skeletal Muscles | striated muscles that are made of bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Tendons | cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect a muscle to a bone to allow for joint movement |
| Ligaments | connect bones or cartilage to provide support and strength |
| Cartilage | fibrous connective tissue that acts as a cushion |
| Kinesiology | study of the movement of body parts |
| Alignment | arrangement in a straight line, bringing a line into order |
| Pivot | turn or change direction with your feet while remaining in a fixed place |
| Pressure Injuries | tissue injuries that form from local interference with circulation |
| Contractures | resistance to stretch in damaged muscle that pulls a joint into a fixed or "frozen" position |
| Necrosis | local death of tissue from disease or injury |
| Shearing Force | applied force that causes a downward and forward pressure on the tissues beneath the skin |
| Ambulate | walk |
| Gait | style of walking |
| Supine | laying on back |
| Fowler | elevating head of bed 60-90 degrees |
| Semi-Fowler | elevating head of bed 30-60 degrees |
| Low-Fowler | elevating head of bed 15-30 degrees |
| Dorsal Recumbent | laying on back with knees flexed and soles of feet flat on the bed |
| Lithotomy | laying on back with feet up on pedestals, with legs spread farther apart and abducted |
| Side Lying or Lateral position | resting on side |
| Sims | side-lying position with weight distributed over the anterior ileum, humerus, and clavicle |
| Prone | laying face down |
| Logrolling | turning the patient as a single unit while maintaining straight body alignment at all times |
| Dangling | position of sitting on the side of the bed with the legs and feet hanging over the side |
| Gait Belt | sturdy belt made of tightly webbed canvas material that is used to ambulate and/or transfer the weak or unsteady patient |
| Symmetry | equality in size, form, and arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a plane; a mirror image |
| Transfer Belt | same as gait belt |
| Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) | illness that results when most or all of the body is exposed to a high dose of radiation, usually over a short period of time |
| Alarm Fatigue | phenomenon of nurses becoming desensitized to patient care alarms or missing or delaying their response to the alarm |
| Biohazard | biologic agent or condition that can be harmful to a person's health |
| Bioterrorism | the release of pathogenic microorganisms into a community to achieve political/military goal |
| Environment | the total of all elements and conditions that surround us and influence our development |
| Humidity | the amount of moisture in the air |
| Poison | substance that, when ingested, inhaled, absorbed, applied, injected, or developed within the body, may cause functional or structural damage |
| Ventilation | (1)-process or act of supplying a house or room continuously with fresh air (2)- exchange of air between the lungs and atmosphere |
| Immobilization | prevention or restriction of normal body movement |
| Traction | exertion of a pulling force |
| Hypostatic Pneumonia | pneumonia caused by stasis of secretions due to inactivity |
| Isometric Exercises | exercises performed against resistance |
| Splint | device that protects an injured part of the body by immobilizing or limited its movement |
| Over-the-bed Frame | rectangular frame to which traction equipment may be attached |
| Trapeze bar | overhead bar that patient can grab |
| Sling | bandage for supporting a part |
| Counter Traction Force | the weight pulling against the weight of the traction |
| Cast | stiff plaster of Paris, fiberglass, or polyester dressing used to immobilize |
| Bivalved | cut in half lengthwise |
| Spica Casts | figure-of-8 cast |
| External Fixator | metal device, such as a pin, screw, or tong that is inserted into or through one or more bones to stabilize fragments of a fracture while it heals |
| Kinetic | moving |
| Dorsum | back |
| Paresthesia | feeling of numbness or tingling |
| Blanch | to become pale |
| Hemiplegia | one-sided paralysis |
| Hemiparesis | one-sided weakness |
| Hydrotherapy | massage or debridement by moving water |
| Paraplegic | those without use of the legs |
| Quadraplegic | those without use of both arms and legs |
| Prosthesis | artificial substitute for a body part |
Created by:
ahoyyitbeaddi
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