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Test 7 Fundementals

Gerontology

QuestionAnswer
The problems associated with chronic laxative use include: Dehydration,Electrolyte imbalances,Digestion Disturbances, and Vitamin Depletion.
Dehydration Diarrhea can occur and deplete the fluids rapidly.
Electrolyte Imbalance The high amounts of sodium and other Substances in laxative preparations can alter blood levels of electrolytes.
Digestion Disturbances Magnesium-based preparations can reduce the already lowered amounts of gastric acids.
Vitamin Depletion Fat-soluble vitamins A,D,K and E can dissolve in oil-based laxatives and be excreted.
To maintain a healthy state the body must rid itself of waste material,and that eliminated materials must be properly disposed.
Age-Related changes in the urinary tract: May cause various elimination problems
One of the greatest annoyances in urinary frequency is: Hypertrophy of the bladder which decreases bladder ability to expand and reduces storage capacity.
UTI Can Cause Confusion
Everything slows down Kidneys,heart,Lungs
Skin gets? Paper thin
Often kidney function improves when a a recumbent position(laying down) is assumed,and voiding may be required a few hours after the individual lies down and at other times during the night.(they have to go to the bathroom more).
Night lights should be used to: Improve visibility during trips to the bathroom, and any clutter or environmental hazards that could cause a fall should be removed.
Aging and Risks to Normal Excretion of Wastes.(Causes or Contributing Factors) Loss of Nephrons (functional Unit of the kidney)-Decreased resorption of glucose,Weaker bladder muscles,Decreased colonic peristalsis,Weaker Respriratory Muscles.
Loss of Nephrons (functional unit of the kidney) Approximately 50% decrease in glomerular filtration rate
Decreased resorption of glucose from filtrate less concentration of urine.
Weaker bladder muscles decreased bladder capacity:slower micturation reflex;prostate enlargement.
Decreased colonic peristalsis duller neural impulses for signal to defecate.
Weaker respiratory Muscles Inefficient cough response
In women the most common cause of urinary retention is a fecal impaction.(s/s oozing like diarreah)
Primary cause of urinary retention in men- prostatic hypertrophy
Symptoms of urinary retention urinary frequency,straining,dribbling,palpate bladder,feeling that the bladder has not been emptied.
Good fluid intake and efforts to enhance voiding should be emphasized,including: voiding in upright position,massaging bladder area,rocking back and forth,running water,soaking hands in warm water
The filtration efficiency of the kidneys decreases with age which is an important factor in the elimination of drugs.
The nurse should observe the patient for signs of adverse drug reactions resulting from Accumulation of toxic levels of medications.
Higher BUN(blood urea nitrogen levels May occur due to reduced renal function,causing lethargy,confusion,headache,drowsiness, and other symptoms.
Decreased tubular function may cause problems in the concentration of urine
Digoxin-.5-20,Antidote digafab,digavine, S/S-Halo,yellow green purple.Pulse high or low.
Bowel function is often a major concern of the elderly ,many of whom were raised with the belief that anything other than a single daily bowel movement is abnormal..
Slower peristalsis inactivity,reduced food and fluid intake,drugs and the ingestion of less bulk food are responsible for the high incident of constipation in the elderly.
There also is a tendency toward incomplete emptying of the bowel in one bowel movement,30-45 minutes after the initial BM the remainder of the BM may need to occur,and if not needed will probably develope.
Laxative abuse Is a concern among elderly
The problems associated with chronic laxative use include: Dehydration-diarrhea can occur and deplete fluids rapidly.
Prevention of constipation aids in avoiding: Fecal Impaction
Indication of Fecal Impaction Include: Distended rectum,abdominal and rectal discomfort,oozing of fecal material around the impaction often mistaken for diarrhea,palpable,hard fecal mass,fever.
Fecal impaction should be corrected promptly and carefully. Sometimes an oil retention enema will soften the impaction and facilitate its passage.
Reduced hydration and vascularity,of the dermis make the skin. Less elastic and more delicate.
Dryness,itching,and breakage of the skin Can result from to much bathing.
Unless some problem warrants a different pattern: Bathing is not required more than every third or fourth day.
Daily partial sponge baths to the face,axillae,and perineum: Should be sufficient to prevent odor and irritation.
To prevent burns,the temperature of the bath water should: Range from 100-105F
An Example of a cleansing diet that could be used for one to several days is as follows: Key concept-Properly done,fasting can eliminate toxins and energize the body.
Morning Non-caffeinated herbal tea without sweetener.fresh fruit.
Mid-morning At least one full glass of water of non-caffeinated herbal tea.
Lunch Steamed vegetables or cooked in clear broth,grain product,1 glass water or non-caffeinated herbal tea.
Mid-Afternoon Unsweetened fruit or veggie juice,1 full glass of water,or non-caffeinated herbal tea.
Supper Clear broth vegetable soup or salad,1 full glass of water or non-caffeinated herbal tea.
Evening Fresh fruit,1 full glass of water or non-caffeinated herbal tea.
Constipation A condition in which there is an infrequent passage of dry,hard stool.
Nursing Goal pt. establishes a reg. pattern bowel elimination and passes a stool of normal consistency. s straining or feeling discomfort.
Created by: Angela Lacey
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