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Pharm2 Chapter 37
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some signs and symptoms of an infection | Fever, chills, sweats, redness, pain and swelling, fatigue, weight loss, and increased WBC count |
| What medications are used to treat bacterial infections | Antibiotics |
| What should you do to a patient before starting an antibiotic | The infection should be cultured |
| Treatment of an infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained Empiric Therapy | Empiric Therapy# |
| Treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection, as in intraabdominal surgery or after trauma | Prophylactic Therapy |
| This is when signs and symptoms do not improve | Subtherapeutic response |
| This is a secondary infection, which may be serious | Superinfection |
| Of Antibiotic resistance what are the two most pressing health problems | Inappropriate prescribing and patients not completing the entire course of therapy |
| What host factors affect antibiotic use | Age, allergies, organ function, pregnancy, genetics, site of infection |
| What are some genetic host factors | G6PD deficiency, Slow acetylation |
| What are the most common antibiotics that can cause a allergic reaction | Penicillin and Sulfonamides |
| Is GI upset a allergic reaction | No |
| With Antibiotic Therapy what are the four common mechanisms of action | Interference w/ cell wall synthesis, interference w/ protein synthesis, interference with DNA replication, and acting as a metabolite to disrupt critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell |
| What does Bactericidal mean | Kills bacteria |
| This inhibits growth of susceptible bacteria, rather than killing them immediately; will eventually lead to bacterial death | Bacteristatic |
| What is used for the treatment of UTI’s | Sulfonamides |
| What drug is used with Sulfonamides as a combination product | Erythromycin (treats otitis media) |
| If you are allergic to penicillin; what antibiotic should you not take | Cephalosporins |
| What are the two major B-Lactam antibiotics | Penicillin and Caphalosporins |
| What is Penicillin | A mold |
| What is the most common antibiotic drug that causes an anaphylactic response | Penicillin |
| When a patient is having a anaphylactic response to Penicillin, what should be given to them | Benadryl |
| Penicillin’s that inhibit cell wall synthesis are commonly known as | Bactericidal |
| Penicillin’s are also known as | B-Lactam’s |
| What enzymes are produced by bacteria that are capable of destroying penicillin | B-Lactamases |
| What chemicals have been developed to inhibit enzymes from destroying penicillin, and are usually given with penicillin to prevent it | Clavulanic acid, Tazobactam and Sulbactam |
| What is the mechanism of action that penicillin plays on the body | Its kills a bacteria cells by lysis, and it does not kill other cells in the body |
| Penicillin’s are used for the prevention and treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, such as | Gram-positive bacteria |
| What are some common types of allergic reactions caused by Penicillin | Urticaria, pruritus, and angioedema |
| What are some common adverse effects caused by penicillin | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain |
| What some of the many penicillin interactions | NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, and Warfarin |
| How many generations does Cephalosporins have | Four generations |
| Which antibiotic is closely related to penicillin | Cephalosporins |
| Cephalosporins is a semi synthetic derivative from a | Fungus and has a bactericidal action |
| First generation cephalosporins | Good gram-positive coverage. Can be given parenteral and PO. Is used for surgical prophylaxis, URI’s, otitis media |
| Second generation cephalosporins | Good gram-positive coverage |
| Third generation cephalosporins | Most potent group against gram-negative |
| Fourth generation cephalosporins | Has a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than third generation, especially against gram positive bacteria |
| What are some common side effects of cephalosporins | Mild diarrhea, abdominal cramps, rash, pruritis, redness, edema |
| What antibiotic drug has a broad-spectrum antibacterial action, and is reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections and can only be given parenterally | Carbapenems |
| What are two Macrolides | Erythromycin, and Azithromycin (Zythromax) |
| What are some Macrolide indications | Strep infections, mild to moderate URI and LRI, spirochetal infections, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and mycoplasma |
| Common side effects from erythromycin | GI effects, like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, flatulence, jaundice, and anorexia |
| Which macrolide has fewer GI effects, longer duration of action, better efficacy, and better tissue penetration | Azithromycin |
| What tetracycline is used to treat Chlamydia | Doxycycline |
| What products reduce oral absorption of tetracycline and should be avoided while taking this antibiotic | Dairy products, antacids, and iron salts |
| Who should not use tetracycline | Children under the age of 8, pregnant/lactating women because of tooth discoloration |
| While on tetracycline, one should avoid | Sunlight and tanning beds due to photosensitivity |
Created by:
cspearsall
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