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Last Min Info.
Chap. 52
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Serum Sodium below 135 mEq/L and Serum Osmolality 280 mOsm/kg | Hyponatremia (Loss of Sodium, Gain of H2O) |
| Serum Sodium above 145 mEq/L and Serum Osmolality 300 mOsm/kg | Hypernatremia (Loss of H2O, Gain of Sodium)Condition that could cause: Heat Stroke |
| Serum Potassium 3.5-5 mEq/L and ABG's may show alkalosis | HypokalemiaConditions that could cause: Gastric Suctioning and Vomitting; Use of K+ wasting diureticsMonitor heart rate and rythm |
| Serum Potassium greater than 5.0 mEq/L | Hyperkalemia (Less Common, more dangerous)Condition that could cause: Renal failure |
| Serum Calcium less than 8.5 mg/dL or 4.5 mEq/L total | Hypocalcemia (Alkalosis, Sepsis, Alcoholism, Hypomagnesemia) Cardiac dysyhrmias, decrease Cardiac OutputMonitor respiratory and cardio status |
| Serum Calcium greater than 10.5 mg/dL or 5.5 mEq/L | Hypercalcemia Condition that could cause: Prolonged immobilizationS/S: weakness, bone pain, constipation |
| Serum Magnessium below 1.5 mEq/L, BP increase | HypomagnesemiaCondition that could cause: Excessive loss from gastro tract; chronic alcoholism, most commonCommon in hospitalized patients, sometimes goes unnoticed. |
| Serum Magnessium above 2.5 mEq/L, BP decrease, Pulse decrease | HypermagnesemiaCondition that could cause: increased intake, decreased excretion |
| What other electrolyte imbalance does Chloride normally occur with | Sodium |
| Serum Chloride below 95 mEq/L | HypochloremiaCondition that may cause: excessive loss of Cl- thru GI tract, kidneys, sweating; also at risk for alkalosis |
| Serum Chloride above 108 mEq/L | Hyperchloremia(Acidosis, weakness) |
| Phosphate is found in | both ICF and ECFFunction: cellular metabolism, production of ATPConditions that could cause: r/t other disorders; glucose and insulin administration causing it to shift into the cells from ECF and shift back into the ECF from the cells |
| Serum Phosphate below 2.5 mg/dL | HypophosphatemiaConditions that could cause: alcohol withdrawal; use of antacids |
| Serum Phosphate above 4.5 mg/dL | HyperphospatemiaConditions that could cause: chemotherapy; renal failure; infants fed cow's milk at risk |
| Things to know about Respiratory Acidosis | Hypoventilation and CO2 retention cause carbonic acid levels to increase and pH to fall below 7.35, PaCO2 increases above 45 mmhg, and HCO3 is normal or slightly increased above 26 mmhgCommon causes: Asthma and COPD |
| Things to know about Respiratory Alkalosis | Hyperventilates, extreme anxiety, shortness of breath, pH increases above 7.45, PaCO2 decreases below 35 mmhg |
| Things to know about Metabolic Acidosis | Renal failure and ability of kidneys to excrete H+ and produce bicarbonateAlso seen in diabetic KetoacidosisDepth of Respirations increase, and are rapid; pH decreases below 7.35, HCO3 is below 22 mEq/L, and PaCO2 decreases below 38 mmhg |
| Things to know about Metabolic Alkalosis | Excessive use of Potassium losing diuretics and antiacidsDecrease in Respiratory rate and depth; pH increases above 7.45; HCO3 is greater than 26 mEq; PaCO2 increases to more than 45 mmhg |
| The volume of whole blood that is composed of RBCs | Hematocrit |
| The hematocrit __________ with severe dehydration and ___________ with sever overhydration. | increases/ decreases |
| Normal hematocrit values: | 36-49% |
| Urine Osmolality Norms | 500-800 mOsm/kg |
| Uring pH avg. and range Norms | avg. 6.0 and range is 4.6-8.0When pH is down, metabolic acidosis; when it is up, metabolic alkalosis |
| the indicator of urine concentration | urine specific gravity |
| The Urine Specific Gravity norm | 1.010-1.025 |
| When the concentration of solutes in the urine is high, the specific gravity ____________. | increases (and vice versa) |
| Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) do what | evaluate the client's acid-base balance and oxygenation |
| pH below ___ or above _____, may cause death. | 6.8/ 7.8 |
| Early signs of hypovolemia are: | tachycardia |
| In Fluid Volume Deficit what s/s may be present | pulse volume decrease, BP decrease, orthohypotension may occur |
| In Fluid Volume Excess what s/s may be present | pulse volume increase, BP increase |
| To assess for orthohypotension you must: | measure the BP and pulse in the supine position; client must remain in the same position for 3-5 min; leave the cuff on arm; stand the client up and immediately reassess BP and pulse. A drop of 10 to 15 mmHg in BP and increase in pulse rate |
| 30 mL = ? oz. | 1 oz. |
| 1 pint = ? mL | 500 |
| 1 qt = ? mL | 1000 |
| 240 ml = ? oz | 8 |
| Ice chips = ? the volume of the container | 1/2 |
| Each gram of weight left after subtracting weight of diaper = ? ml | 1 |
| Intake and Output is recorded when? | at the end of the shift, 8-12 hrs and the night shift nurse totals and documents the 24 hr. I & O |
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