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Circulation
Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiac Output | Volume of blood being pumped by the heart (in particular by a ventricle) in one minute. |
| Preload | Initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes (in ventricle) prior to contraction |
| Afterload | Tension produced by chamber of heart (Left ventricle) in order to contract. |
| What information is provided by monitoring the pulmonary artery wedge pressure? | Left ventricular end diastolic pressure (Normal 4-12mmHg) |
| How is PAWP used clinically? | Hypovolemia (if decresed) not enough afterload. |
| Which part of the heart does the Left anterior descending artery supply? | Left ventricles, anterior wall, ventricular septum. |
| Which part of the heart does the Circumflex artery supply? | L ventricle, part of posterior wall, SA & AV nodes |
| Which part of the heart does the Right coronary artery supply? | R ventricle, inferior L ventricle, and it helps with the SA and AV nodes. |
| What is a stress test and what is it used for? | Monitors the heart during period of work, and detects dysrhythmias during exercise. |
| What is Thalium imaging and what is it used for? | The pt is injected with dye, and it detects the location and extent of an MI. |
| Shock | An abnormal cellular metabolism caused by inadequate delivery of oxygen |
| Obstructive shock pathophysiologic response | Indirect Pump failure |
| Distributive Shock pathophysiologic response | Vascular tone/volume decreased |
| Hypovolemic Shock pathophysiologic response | Intravascular volume |
| Cardiogenic Shock pathophysiologic response | Direct pump failure. |
| Type of solution used during Hemmorrhagic Shock | Colloid |
| Type of solution used during Fluid replacement | Crystalloid |
| Type of solution used to restore osmotic pressure | Colloid |
| Type of solution used to carry oxygen to peripheral tissues | Colloid |
| Type of solution used that does not cause allergic reactions | Crystalloid |
| Type of solution that can be a substitute for blood | Colloid |
| What type of solution is Normal Saline? | Crystalloid |
| What type of solution is Hetastarch? | Colloid |
| What type of solution are packed red blood cells? | Colloid |
| What type of solution is Ringer's lactate? | Crystalloid |
| What type of solution is Fresh Frozen Plasma? | Colloid |
| These are based off of a sterile solution with added electrolytes, and can be hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic | Crystalloid |
| These are based off of a sterile solution with added electrolytes as well as a substance that does not freely diffuse across semipermeable membranes. | Colloid |
| (T/F) More men than women have angina. | False |
| (T/F) Some women may experience atypical angina as indigestion or a choking sensation | True |
| (T/F) Angina in Women has often been misdiagnosed | True |
| (T/F) Cardiac disease is the leader cause of death of men in the most prevalent ethnic groups, but not for women. | False |
| (T/F) Premenopausal women have a lower incidence of MI than men do. | True |
| (T/F) Postmenopausal women in their 70s have a higher incidence of MI than men. | False |
| (T/F) More women than men die within one year of initial recognition of an MI | True |
| i(T/F) For women, impared glucose tolerance (e.g. diabetes) seriously increases the risk for CAD. | True |
| (Angina/MI) Pain is precipitated by exercise or stress. | Angina |
| (Angina/MI) Pain occurs without cause, usually in the morning. | MI (d/t increased adrenaline) |
| (Angina/MI) Pain is relieved only by opiods. | MI |
| (Angina/MI) Pain is relieved by nitroglycerides or rest | Angina |
| (Angina/MI) Nausea, diaphoresis, feelings of fear, or dyspnea may occure. | MI |
| (Angina/MI) THere are few associated symptoms. | Angina |
| (Angina/MI) Pain lasts less than 15 minutes | Angina |
| (Angina/MI) Pain lasts more than 30 minutes | MI |
| (Angina/MI) Pain radiates to left arm, back, or jaw. | MI |
| What type of IV will be needed for a pt undergoing a cardiac catheterization? | Large bore IV (such as the kind used for blood products or IV pushes) |
| A client who is scheduled for a PTCA should also sign the consent for which other surgery? | Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) |
| Stable Angina | Fixed obstruction of blood flow, less than 15 minute duration, predictable. |
| Unstable Angina | Sudden interruption of blood flow, lasts longer than 15 minutes, and is unpredictable. |
| The primary indication for a CABG | If all vessels are more than 50% occluded (or 2 vessels are 90% occluded, or 3 vessels are 80% occluded), this procedure is needed. |
| Why Morphine Sulfate is given to relieve chest pain | Decreases myocardial O2 demand and reduces circulatory catecholamines in addition to relaxing smooth muscle. |
| How IABPs improve tissue perfusion | Decrease preload, decrease afterload, increase perfusion, increase blood flow to arteries. |
| Signs of cardiac tamponade | JVT, clear lungs, muffled heart sounds, tachycardia, tachypnea, difference in systolic inspiration and expiration is greater than 10mmHg. |
| Risk factors for infective endocarditis | IV drug users, prosthetic mitral valve replacements post operatively, mitral stenosis with recently abcessed tooth removal, older client with UTI and valve damage. |
| Endocarditis assessment findings | A new, regurgitant murmur, Osler's nodes, Petechiae. |
| Pericarditis assessment findings | Grating pain that is aggrivated by breathing, Scratchy, high-pitched sound heard on ascultation over left lower sternal border |
| Rheumatic heart disease assessment findings | Streptococcal infection, Aschoff's bodies |
| Primary pneumothorax | Occurs in an otherwise healthy individual |
| Secondary pneumothorax | Occurs in an individual with inderlying lung disease |
| What is the antidote for Heparin? | Protamine sulfate |
| What/When are pts with Pulmonary Embolisms treated with? | Heparin drip, coumadin on day 3. |
| How many pts out of 10 pts with ARDS will die? | 4 |
| What is the number one cause of ARDS? | Aspiration pneumonia |
| What is the pathophysiology of ARDS? | Fluid fills up alveolar space, and doesn't allow gas exchange. |
| Name a causative agent of ARDS | blunt force trauma, illness. |
| Name sings of ARDS | SOB, rapid shallow breathing, increased anxiety and restlessness, cognitive impairment, cyanosis despite O2, noisy respirations (grunting, crackles) |
| If a pt with ARDS is receiving O2 but is still cyanotic and not responding to O2 therapy, should the nurse remove the O2? | No, keep it on. |
| What intervention will most likely be the most helpful for a pt with ARDS? | Ventilator with increased PEEP |
| What may cause a hemothorax? | Blunt force trauma |
| What is a complication of a hemothorax? | Displacement of Trachea and heart |
| Why would a pt with a hemothorax have two chest tubes? | Blood does not drain as quickly as fluid, and may clot. |
Created by:
rockchalk
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