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Pharm1 Chapter25
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Afferent arterioles | "small blood vessels approachin glomerulus (proximal part of nephron) |
| " Aldosterone | "mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex that mediates actions of renal tubule in regulation of sodium and potassium balance in blood |
| " Ascites | "an abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of fluid (defined as volume of 500 mL or greater) containing large amts of protein and electrolytes |
| " Collecting duct | most distal part of nephron between distal convoluted tubule and ureters, which lead to urinary bladder |
| Distal convoluted tubule | part of nephron immediately distal to ascending loop of Henle and proximal to collecting duct |
| Diuretics | drugs or other substances that tend to promote formation and excretion of urine |
| Efferent arterioles | small blood vessels exiting glomerulus. At this point blood has completed its filtration in glomerulus |
| Filtrate | material that passes through a filter. In case of kidney, filter is glomerulus and filtrate is extracted material from blood (normally liquid) that ultimately becomes urine |
| Glomerular capsule | open, rounded, and most proximal part of proximal convoluted tubule that surrounds glomerulus and receives filtrate from blood |
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | volume ofultrafiltrate extracted per unit of time from plasma flowing through glomeruli of kidney |
| Glomerulus | cluster of kidney capillaries that marks beginning of nephron and is immediately proximal to proximal convoluted tubule |
| Loop of Henle | part of nephron between proximal and distal convoluted tubule |
| Nephron | microscopic functional filtration unit of kidney, consisting of (in anatomical order from proximal to distal) glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct, which empties urine into ureters. |
| Open-angle glaucoma | condition in which pressure is elevated in eye b/c of obstruction of outflow of aqueous humor but access to trabecular meshwork remains open |
| Proximal convoluted (twisted) tubule | part of nephron that is immediately distal to glomerulus and proximal to loop of Henle |
| Ultrafiltration | filtration at microscopic level; term is often used to describe filtration function of kidneys, w/filtrate referred to more specifically as ultrafiltrate |
| what are diuretic agents used for ? | they are drugs that accelerate the rate of urine formation |
| where sodium goes what follows? | water |
| diuretic are first line agents for? | HTN and important for HF |
| what are the drugs used for CAIs? | acetazolamide ( diamox) |
| CAIs drugs have what ending? | amide |
| if a person is taking CAIs what allergy is important to ask about? | sulfa |
| what do CAIs do? | inhibit carbonic anhydrase reduces H+ ion concentration in renal tubes |
| what are indications of CAIS? | long-term mgt of open angle glaucoma, edema, epilepsy, high-altitude sickness |
| side effects of CAIs include? | hematuria, metabolic acidosis, urticaria, melena |
| what drugs are given with loop diuretics? | bumetanide( bumex) furosemide ( lasix) |
| where does edema usually seen? | in the feet and ankles |
| Loop diuretics act directly on what? | ascending limb of the loop |
| Loop diuretics are as effective as when? | single dose of therapy |
| this is life threatening and occurs with ciculatory overload or acute HF? | pulmonary edema |
| what are drug effects of loop diuretics? | reduced BP, reduced pulmonary resistance, reducued central venous pressure |
| Indications for loop diuretics? | hypertension, pulmonary edema, edema associated with HF |
| what are side effects of loop diuretics? | electrolyte loss and dehydration |
| what is the drug used for osmotic diuretics? | mannitol ( osmitrol) |
| where does osmotic diuretics work? | proximal tubule |
| indications for osmotic diuretics? | tx of PTs in ealry oliguric phase of acute renal failure |
| side effects of osmotic diuretics? | convulsions, thrombophlebitis, pulmonary congestion |
| how can mannitol ONLY be given? | Intravenous in fusion |
| what will happen to mannitol if exposed to low temp? | may crystallize |
| Potassium sparing diuretics drugs used are? | spironolactone ( aldactone) and triamterene( dyrenium) |
| where does potassium sparing diuretcis work? | collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules |
| what do potassium sparing diuretics do? | prevent potassium from being pumped into the tubule, preventing its secretion |
| what are the indications for spironolactone and triamterene? | hyperaldosteronism, hypertension, reversing potassium loss |
| fluid in the abdomen is known as what? | ascites |
| what is the drug of choice for thiazide diuretics? | hydrochlorothiazide( esidrix, hydrodiuril) |
| what do thiazide diuretics do? | inhibit tubular resorption of sodium and chloride ions |
| where do thiazide diuretics work? | in the ascending loop of henle and early distal tubule |
| what is the most common use of thiazide diuretics ? | hypertension, pulmonary edema, edema associated with HF |
| what are the drug effects of thiazide? | lowered peripheral vascular resistance, and depletion of sodium and water |
| what are side effects of thiazide diuretics? | decreased libido, paresthesias, blurred vision, NVD |
| potassium supplements are usually not ecommend is potassium levels exceed what? | 3mEq/L |
| what are sign and symptoms of hypokalemia? | muscle weakness, constipation, irregular pulse rate, lethargy |
| loop diuretics may have an interaction with what? | NSAIDS |
| thiazide diuretics can cause what levels to increase? | glucose levels |
| PT on spironolactone ( aldactone) should avoid what? | foods high in potassium |
| best time of day to take diurectics is when? | morning |
| why do CAIS get stopped after a few days? | they lose their diuretic effect in 2-4 days because of metabolic acidosis develops |
Created by:
cspearsall
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