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Cardio Electrography

Non-invasive Cardio Electrography Lecture Notes

QuestionAnswer
The heart lies in the middle of the Thoracic cavity (Mediastinum) behind? Behind the sternum, between the lungs, and just above the diaphragm.
The heart is surrounded by a protective sac known as the? Pericardium
What is the protective sac (pericardium) attached to the thorax through the? Great vessels
What makes up the Great vessels? Pulmonary artery and aorta
Where is the base (top) of the heart located? At approximately the 2nd intercostals space (between the ribs)
What functions does the left side of the heart perform? Oxygenated blood, pumps arterial blood to the systemic circulation, and is a high pressure system.
What functions does the right side of the heart perform? Deoxygenated blood, pumps venous blood to the lungs, and is a low pressure system.
What funtions does the septa perform within the heart? Separates the chambers, IVS- Interventricular septum separated the ventricles, IAS - Interatrial spetum separates the atria.
In the right side of the atria what are the characteristics and functions it provides? Thin walled, low pressure, and it receives blood and receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
In the left side of the atria what are the characteristics and functions it provides? Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins.
In the ventricles what are the characteristics and functions? Pump blood to the lungs and systemic circulation, Walls are thicker and larger than in the atria, and are High pressure chamber
What is the function of valves in the heart? They control and maintain blood flow through the heart.
How many types of valves are there? 2 - TWO
What are the two (2) types of valves in the heart? Atrioventricular valves (AV) and Semi Lunar (SL)
What are the AV valves formed from? Formed from the endothelial tissue separate atria from ventricles they are the mitral and trcuspid valves.
What side of the heart are the Mitral valves located on? Left side
What side of the heart are the Tricuspid valves located on? Right side
What do they contain? Tough fibrous rings (annuli fibrosis), flaps (leaflets or cusps), chordate tendinae, and papillary muscles.
Where is the Tricuspid Valve located? It lies between the right atrium (RA) and the right ventricle (RV)
How many cusps are in the Tricuspid valve? Tri = (3)
During diastole what does the tricuspid valve do? It opens during diastole
Where is the Mitral valve(s)(bicuspid) located? Lies between the Left Atrium (LA) and the Left Ventricle (LV)
How many leaflets does it have? Bi = (2)
During diastole what does the mitral valve do? Opens during diastole. AV valves are opened during diastole and closed during systole.
What are Semi lunar valves? They are aortic and pulmonic, formed by truncus arteriosus (bulb cordis)They are opened during systole and closed during diastole.
What is the funtion of the Semi lunar valve? It prevents backflow of blood during diastole, and is open during systole.
Where is the aortic valve located? Lies between the Left Ventricle (LV) and the Aorta.
How many cusps does the aortic valve consist of? 3 cusps
What are the (3) cusps in the aortic valve? right, left and non-coronary.
How many layers of the heart are there? (3) tissue layers
Name the (3) three tissue layers of the heart. Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium
What layer is the Endocardium? It is the innermost layer of the heart.
What layer is the Myocardium? It is the Middle, Muscle layer.
What layer is the Epicardium layer? The outer layer.
What does the pericardium consist of? 2 layers of fibrous and serous
The preicardial fluid has a __________ walled sac that __________ the heart and has a _________ film of serous fluid that lies between _________ and __________ layers of the pericardium. double, encloses, thin, visceral and parietal
What is the normal amount of fluid? 20-30 cc
What is the function of the pericardial fluid? Prevents friction as the heart beats.
What does the Superior vana cava do? Brings blood from the parts of the body superior to the heart.
What does the Inferior vana cava do? Brings blood from the lower parts of the body. Has a Eustachian valve (Rudimentary valve)
What does the Coronary Sinus do? Brings blood back from the myocardium of the heart.
What does the Thebisan Valve do? Protects the entrance of the coronary sinus.
What is the funtion of the Pulmonary veins? Brings oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs.
How many pulmonary veins are there? Four (4)
Name the five (5) parts of the Arterial: 1) Aorta 2) Right brachiocephalic 3) Left common carotid 4) Left sub-clavian 5) Pulmonary artery
In the Branches of the Aortic Arch, what are the "Great Vessels" and where do they meet? Aorta and Pulmonary artery and they meet at the base of the heart.
What is meant by Crux? All four chambers meet.
What does LCCA stand for? Left Common Carotid Artery
Which of the follwing also belong with the Branches of the Aortic Arch: a) Brachiocephalic b) Left subclavian Artery c) none of the above or d) all of the above? D) ALL OF THE ABOVE: Brachiocephalic and Left Subclavian artey are both included in the Branches of the Aortic Arch!
What does the Coronary Circulation consists of? Cornary arteries and veins.
What is supplied to the tissues of the heart during diastole by the 1st 2 branches of the aorta from the right and left coronary arteries? Blood is supplied.
Where are they located? They are located just beyond the cusps of the aortic valve, coronary arties cross the epicardium and branch several times.
What do the branches enter? The myocardium and endocardium.
When they further divide, what do they become? Arterioles, then capillaries.
Where does the Right Coronary Artery orginate from? From the right side of the aorta between the right atrium (RA) and Right Ventricle (RV).
What percentage of individuals does the marginal branch of the RCA supplies (RA) right artery and (RV) right ventricle in? 50-60% of individuals.
Name the branch the RCA supplies? SA Node
What is the percentage of the Right Coronary Artery that also branches into the AV Node artery? 85-90%
The coronary artery that gives RISE to the posterior descending artery is usually the? Dominant coronary artery.
In MOST cases a branch off the RCA becomes the? Posterior descending artery.
What is the above described as? It is described as a Dominant RCA System.
In some cases the _____ _________ coronary artery branches and ends at the ____________ descending artery. Left Circumflex coronary artery, posterior descending artery.
What is the above also called? A Dominant LCA System.
What does the Posterior descending artery do? Supplies blood to the walls of both ventricles and supplies blood to the posterior IVS.
Where does the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) originate from? The left side of the aorta.
The LCA consists of left main coronary artery which divides into (2) primary branches, which are: Left anterior descending or LAD and Left circumplex or LC artery.
What does the LAD and its branches supply to the anterior surfaces of both ventricles? They supply blood to both ventricles.
What do the branches include in the LAD? Branches include Septals and Diagnols.
What do the coronary veins do? They travel along side of the arteries.
What is the Coronary Sinus and its function? It is the largest vein and it drains the heart.
Where does the Coronary sinus receive its blood from? From the cardiac veins.
Where does it drain into? It drains into the right atrium.
Since the Anterior cardiac veins do not join the coronary sinus, where do they empty into? They empty directly into the RA (right atrium).
What is know as the Physiology of the Heart? Normal heart pressure and oxygen saturations.
What is the Mean of the (RA) RIGHT ATRIUM? 5 MMGH 75%
What is the Mean of the (RV) RIGHT VENTRICLE? 25/5 MMGH 75%
What is the Mean of the (PA)Pulmonary Artery? 25/10 MMGH 75%
What is the Mean of the (PCW) Posterior Cardiac Wall? 12 MMGH 75%
What is the Mean of the (LV)Left Ventricle? 120/10 MMGH 95%
What is the Mean of the (AO) Aorta? 120/80 MMGH 95%
What does MMGH stand for? Millimeters of Mercury
What is meant by the Cardiac Cycle? One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart.
In the Cardiac Cycle, Atrial ________ - Atrial contraction, atrial kick __________ - ventricle relaxation. Atrial - SYSTOLE, Atrial kick DIASTOLE.
In the Cardiac Cycle, Ventricular - __________ - Ventricular Contraction, _____________ - Ventricular relaxation. Ventricular - SYSTOLE, Ventricular contraction, DIASTOLE.
Which is ALWAYS LONGER? Diastole or Systole? DIASTOLE is ALWAYS LONGER than Systole.
What is Cardiac Output? The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart.
How can Cardiac Output be increased? Can be increased in Heart Rate (HR) or Stroke Volume (SV).
What is the Formula for Cardiac Output? CO = HR x SV
What is Stroke Volume? The amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heart beat.
How is stroke volume determined by? By the PRELOAD.
What is meant by PRELOAD? The degree of ventricular filling.
What happens during PRELOAD within the walls of the ventricles? The force exerted on the walls of the ventricles at the end of diastole.
Volume of ________ returning to the __________ influences preload. BLOOD, HEART
What does influenced in AFTER LOAD consist of? Influenced by arterial blood pressure, and the ability to become stretched and arterial resistance.
What is End Diastolic Volume mean? Volume of blood that enters the ventricle during diastole.
What is the NORMAL volume in End Disatolic Volume? Normal 120-130 mL
What is End Systolic Volume mean? Volume of blood that enters the ventricle after systole has occured.
What is the Normal volume in End Systolic Volume? Normal 50-60 mL
What is Frank Starling's Law? The greater the stretch the greater contraction.
What is the SA Node? The normal pacemaker of the heart.
What does the SA Node SPONTANEOUSLY generate? Electric impulses.
What is the HIGHEST degree in the SA Node? The highest degree of Automaticity
Where is the SA Node located? It is located in the upper posterior portion of the (RA) Right Atrium at the junction of the SVC and the (RA) Right Atrium.
Created by: LAURA819
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