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Nursing Fundamentals
Electrolytes & Acid-Base Balances
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| FLUID | water that contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts, & proteins |
| BODY FLUIDS ARE DISTRIBUTED IN 2 MAJOR COMPONENTS | Intracellular fluid (ICF) - inside cells 2/3 body water Extracellular fluid (ECF) - outside cells 1/3 body water |
| INTRACELLULAR | inside cells |
| EXTRACELLULAR | out cells |
| INTRAVASCULAR | within blood vessels |
| INTERSTITIAL | within tissues |
| TRANSCELLULAR | minor |
| ELECTROLYTES | mineral salts, separates into ions when dissolved in water; measured in milliequivalents (mEq) |
| IONS | charged particles |
| CATIONS | + positively charged ions |
| ANIONS | - negatively charged ions |
| NA | Sodium 135 - 145 mEq/L |
| K | Potassium 3.5 - 5 mEq/L |
| Ca | Calcium 8.4 - 10.5 mg/dL |
| Mg | Magnesium 1.5 - 2.5 mEq/L |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | energy-requiring movement of electrolytes or other substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient --> low concentration to high concentration --> requires ATP |
| DIFFUSION | passive movement of electrolytes or other particles from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration |
| OSMOSIS | movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a compartment of low particle concentration to high particle conentration |
| OSMOTIC PRESSURE | inward-pulling force of a particle in any fluid compartment to more concentrated side |
| HYPERTONIC | pull fluid out of the cells by osmosis; causing them to shrink 3% sodium chloride |
| ISOTONIC SOLUTION | same osmolality as normal blood; no shift in or out of cells 0.9% sodium chloride |
| HYPOTONIC SOLUTION | less concentrated than normal blood; causing then to swell 5% in water/dextrose (simple sugar) |
| FILTRATION | net effect of several forces that tend to move fluid across a membrane |
| HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE | the force of a fluid pressing outward against the walls of its container |
| COLLOID OSMOSTIC PRESSURE | an inward pulling force caused by the presence of protein molecules |
| OSMORECEPTORS | continued monitor plasma osmolality; when osmolality increases, the hypothalamus stimulates thirst |
| INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS | fluid loss in the lungs & skin |
| ADH | regulates osmolality of body fluids by influencing how much water is excreted in urine (prevents body to save water) |
| ALDOSTERONE | regulates ECV by influencing how much sodium & water are excreted in urine (water retention) |
| ANGIOTENSIN | polypeptide occurring in the blood, causing vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure & the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex |
| RENIN | produces A1 which converts to AZ & causes vasocontriction |
| ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) | a hormone that opposes the action of aldosterone & promotes vasodilation |
| CHLORIDE | 95 - 105 mEq/L |
| BICARBONATE | normal arterial 22 - 26 mEq/L normal venous 24 - 30 mEq/L |
| PHOSPHATE | 2.7 - 4.5 mg/dL |
| BUFFERS | pairs of chemicals that work together to maintain normal pH of body fluids |
| THE BODY HAS 2 ACID EXCRETION MECHANISMS: | 1. lungs (excrete carbonic acid ) CO2 2. kidneys (excrete metabolic acid) |
| CONCENTRATION | osmolality |
| ECV EXCESS | to much isotonic fluid in the extracellular tissue |
| HYPOVOLEMIA | the decreased vascular volume in ECV deficit (eg: hemorrhage) |
| HYPERNATREMIA | abnormally high NA (salt) concentration in ECF caused by loss of relatively more water than salt or gain of relatively more salt than water |
| HYPOKALEMIA | abnormally high blood K (potassium) concentration |
| HYPERKALEMIA | abnormally high CA concentration in the blood |
| FLUID OUT REGULATION; FLUID IS LOST FROM: | kidneys skin lung GI tract |
| HYPONATREMIA | abnormally low Na (salt) in the ECF, occurs from gaining relatively more water than salt or losing more salt than water |
| HYPERMAGNESEMIA | abnormally high Mg (magnesium) |
| HYPOMAGNESEMIA | abnormally low Mg (magnesium) |
| HYPOCHLOREMIA | abnormally low blood chloride level (eg: alkalosis) |
| HYPERCHLOREMIA | abnormally high blood chloride level (eg: acidosis) |
| ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS (ABG) | method of evaluating acid-base balance & oxygenation |
| pH | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| PaCO2 | 35 - 45 |
| PaO2 | 80 - 100 |
| FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT | fluid/electrolyte disorder caused by failure of the body's homeostatic mechanism to regulate the retention & excretion of body fluids |
| FLUID VOLUME EXCESS | fluid/electrolyte disorder by an increase in fluid retention & edema, failure of body's retention & excretion of fluids |
Created by:
Smccunn
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