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Chapter 11 Potter
Infection Control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| infection | invasion of susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease |
| principal infecting agents of infection | bacteria, viruses, fungi, & protozoa |
| colonization | microorganism is present or invades host, grows, and/or multiplies, but does not cause disease or infection |
| ______________ result only if pathogens multiply & alter normal tissue function | disease or infections |
| ______________ transmitted directly from one person to another is considered contagious or communicable disease | infectious disease |
| ______________ does not mean that infection will begin | presence of pathogen |
| development of infection requires following elements | infectious agent or pathogen, reservoir or place for pathogen growth, portal of exit from reservoir, mode of transmission or vehicle, portal of entry, susceptible host |
| infection ______________ if the chain of infection stays intact | develops |
| efforts to ______________ infections are directed at breaking this chain | control & prevent |
| development of infectious disease depends on ______________ or microorganisms present | number of infectious agents |
| ability to produce disease | virulence |
| ability to enter & survive in host | virulence |
| susceptibility of host | virulence |
| place where microorganisms survive, multiply, & await transfer to susceptible host | reservoir |
| common reservoirs: hosts | humans & animals |
| common reservoirs: fomites | insects, food, water, & organic matter on inanimate surfaces |
| frequent reservoirs for health care-associated infections include: | health care workers, patients, equipment, & environment |
| human reservoirs-divided into two types: | those w/acute or symptomatic disease; those who show no signs of disease, but are carriers of disease |
| after microorganisms find a site in which to grow & multiply, they must find ______________ if they are to enter another host & cause disease. | portal of exit |
| portal of exit: microorganisms exit through a variety of sites | skin & mucous membranes |
| portal of exit: microorganisms exit through a variety of sites | respiratory tract |
| portal of exit: microorganisms exit through a variety of sites | gastrointestinal tract |
| portal of exit: microorganisms exit through a variety of sites | reproductive tract |
| portal of exit: microorganisms exit through a variety of sites | blood |
| by ______________ and control techniques, you will interrupt mode of transmission | practicing infection prevention |
| modes of transmission: through contact - person-to-person (fecal-oral) or physical contact between source & susceptible host (e.g., touching patient) | direct |
| modes of transmission: through contact - personal contact of susceptible host w/contaminated inanimate object (e.g., needles or sharps, dressings) | indirect |
| modes of transmission: through contact - large particles that travel up to 3 feet & come in contact w/susceptible host (e.g., coughing, sneezing, talking) | droplet |
| modes of transmission: through air | droplet nuclei suspended in air (e.g., coughing, sneezing, talking) |
| modes of transmission: through vehicles | contaminated items |
| modes of transmission: through vehicles | water |
| modes of transmission: through vehicles | drugs, solutions |
| modes of transmission: through vehicles | blood |
| modes of transmission: through vehicles | food (improperly handled, stored, cooked) |
| modes of transmission: through vector | external mechanical transfer (flies) |
| modes of transmission: through vector | internal transmission such as parasitic conditions between vector & host, for example: mosquito, tick, flea |
| preexposure stage | factors present leading to problem development |
| preclinical stage | exposure to causative agent; no symptoms present |
| clinical stage | symptoms present |
| resolution stage | problem resolved; returned to health or chronic state or death |
| exposure to agent | preclinical stage |
| symptom development | clinical stage |
| preexposure stage | primary prevention |
| preclinical stage | primary prevention |
| preclinical stage | secondary prevention |
| resolution stage | tertiary prevention |
| common portals of entry: organisms are able to enter body through same routes they use for exiting | non-intact skin |
| common portals of entry: organisms are able to enter body through same routes they use for exiting | mucous membranes |
| common portals of entry: organisms are able to enter body through same routes they use for exiting | genitourinary tract |
| common portals of entry: organisms are able to enter body through same routes they use for exiting | gastrointestinal tract |
| common portals of entry: organisms are able to enter body through same routes they use for exiting | respiratory tract |
| susceptibility to infectious agent depends on individual's degree of resistance to pathogens | susceptible host |
| infection does not develop until individual becomes ______________ to strength & numbers of those microorganisms | susceptible |
| person's natural defenses against infection & certain risk factors affect ______________ | susceptibility |
| host is no longer considered susceptible if it has acquired ______________ from either natural or artificially induced event | immunity |
| ______________ results from having certain disease, such as measles, & mounting immune response that usually lasts lifetime | natural active immunity |
| ______________ is acquisitions of antibody by one person from another--such as baby born w/its mother's antibodies | natural passive immunity |
| elderly's immune system has ______________ over time | decreased |
| infants immune system is ______________ in the beginning | immature |
| severity of infections depends on extent of ______________ | infection |
| severity of infections depends on ______________ | pathogenicity |
| severity of infections depends on ______________ | virulence of causative microorganisms |
| severity of infections depends on ______________ | host's susceptibility |
| if infection is ______________, then patient will experience only ______________ symptoms such as pain, tenderness, & swelling at wound site | localized; localized |
| if an infection affects entire body instead of just single organ or part is ______________ & often potentially fatal | systemic |
| defenses against infection: normal flora | body usually contains large numbers of microorganisms that reside on surface & deep layers of skin, in saliva, oral mucosa, & in intestinal walls |
| ______________ usually does not cause disease, but instead help to maintain health | normal flora |
| use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for treatment of infection eliminates or changes normal bacterial flora | suprainfection |
| body's cellular response to injury or infection | inflammation |
| protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, & nutrients to interstitial tissues in area of injury | inflammation |
| this process neutralizes & eliminates pathogens or necrotic tissues & establishes means of repairing body cells & tissues | inflammation |
| signs of ______________ include swelling, redness, heat, pain or tenderness, & loss of function in affected body part | inflammation |
| when inflammation becomes ______________, signs & symptoms include fever, leukocytosis (increased number of white blood cells), malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, & lymph node enlargement | systemic |
| many physical agents (e.g., temperature extremes & radiation), chemical agents (e.g., gastric acid or poisons), & microorganisms trigger ______________ response | inflammatory |
| when foreign material (______________) enters body, series of responses changes body's biological makeup | antigen |
| next time that ______________ enters body, antibodies bind to ______________ they find & neutralize, destroy, or eliminate ______________ | antigen; antigen; antigen |
| patients in health care settings, especially acute care hospitals & long-term care facilities, are at ______________ than those patients seen in home setting | higher risk for infection |
| patients in health care settings often have ______________ & are older adults & are poorly nourished, thus more susceptible to infections | multiple illnesses |
| many patients have ______________ b/c of underlying medical conditions (e.g., HIV, diabetes mellitus, or malignancies) that impair or damgae body's immune response | resistance to microorganisms |
| ______________ treatment devices such as intravenous (IV) catheters or urinary catheters impair body's natural defenses against microorganisms | invasive treatment devices |
| ______________ such as bronchoscopy or gastroscopy & treatment w/broad-spectrum antibiotics have also been shown to increase risk for certain infections | invasive diagnostic procedures |
| when patient develops infection that was not present or incubating at time of admission to health care setting, it is called ______________ | nosocomial infection |
| conscientious practice of ______________ lowers incidence of nosocomial infections | hand hygiene & aseptic techniques |
| ______________ are exogenous or endogenous | nosocomial infections |
| ______________ comes from microorganisms outside individuals | exogenous infection |
| ______________ occurs when part of patient's flora becomes altered & overgrowth results | endogenous infection |
| this often happens when patient receives broad-spectrum antibiotics that alter normal flora | endogenous infection |
| when sufficient numbers of microorganisms normal found in one body cavity or lining move to another body site, ______________ develops | endogenous infection |
| efforts to minimize onset & spread of infection are based on principles of ______________ | aseptic technique |
| ______________ is effort to keep patient as free from exposure to infection-causing pathogens as possible | aseptic technique |
| term ______________ means absence of disease-producing microorganisms | asepsis |
| two types of ______________ are medical asepsis & surgical asepsis | aseptic technique |
| ______________ (clean techniques) includes procedures used to reduce number of microorganisms & prevent their spread | medical asepsis |
| hand hygiene, barrier techniques, & routine environmental cleaning are examples of ______________ | medical asepsis |
| health care providers use ______________ (sterile techniques)during patient care, including surgery, to prevent microbial contamination of open wound or sterile item | surgical asepsis |
| nurses practice ______________ in operating room or at bedside | surgical asepsis |
| ______________ demands highest level of aseptic technique & requires that all areas be kept free of infectious microorganisms | surgical asepsis |
| nurse is responsible for providing ______________ for patient | safe environment |
| failure to use______________ places patients at risk for infection that will seriously impair their recovery | good technique |
| ______________ has contributed to our knowledge of how patients react to having serious infection | nursing research |
| results of ______________ offer level of understanding about how patients cope with serious infectious disease | nursing studies |
| experience of having ______________ creates feelings of anxiety, frustration, & anger in patients or their families | serious infection |
| help patients & families reduce some of these feelings by ______________, explaining isolation procedures, & maintaining friendly, understanding manner | discussing disease process |
| cultural, religious, or social beliefs not only influence how patient reacts to infectious disease, but also ______________ | influence infection prevention |
| assess patients ______________ to & risk factors for infection | susceptibility |
| by assessing existing signs & symptoms, you will determine whether patient's ______________ indicates onset or extension of infection | clinical condition |
| b/c patient's ______________ directly influences susceptibility to infection, thorough diet history is necessary | nutritional health |
| ______________ such as increased WBCs &/or positive blood culture often indicate infection | laboratory values |
| when assessing laboratory data, consider ______________ of patient | age |
| sometimes ______________ indicate patient's risk for infection & need for use of barrier precautions or protective isolation | abnormal laboratory results |
| alert other members of health care team to need for ______________, facilitating initiation of prompt therapy & barrier protection | further investigation of patient's condition |
| assess ways in which infection affects ______________ | patient & family |
| determine whether chronic infection has drained patient's ______________ | financial resources |
| assess patients' ______________, & involve them in all aspects of care planning | expectations about their care |
| encourage patients to ______________ so that you are able to establish interventions to meet patients' priorities | verbalize their expectations |
| for nursing diagnosis risk for infection, defining characteristics include risk factors such as: | inadequate primary defenses (e.g., broken skin or stasis of body fluids) |
| for nursing diagnosis risk for infection, defining characteristics include risk factors such as: | inadequate secondary defenses (e.g., decreased hemoglobin & WBCs) |
| for nursing diagnosis risk for infection, defining characteristics include risk factors such as: | chronic disease |
| clusters of ______________ lead to selection of nursing diagnosis | defining characteristics |
| ______________, revealed in assessment, ensure individualization of diagnosis | related factors |
| accurate ______________ ensures more thorough care plan | related factor |
| infection or its associated treatment is ______________ for number of nursing diagnoses | related factor |
| nursing diagnoses that nurse might uses w/patients susceptible to or affected by infection: | disturbed body image |
| nursing diagnoses that nurse might uses w/patients susceptible to or affected by infection: | risk for infection |
| nursing diagnoses that nurse might uses w/patients susceptible to or affected by infection: | imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements |
| nursing diagnoses that nurse might uses w/patients susceptible to or affected by infection: | acute pain |
| nursing diagnoses that nurse might uses w/patients susceptible to or affected by infection: | impaired skin integrity |
| nursing diagnoses that nurse might uses w/patients susceptible to or affected by infection: | social isolation |
| nursing diagnoses that nurse might uses w/patients susceptible to or affected by infection: | impaired tissue integrity |
| ______________ such as elevated temperature, open draining wound, inflammation of wound site, & laboratory values revealing increased WBC count indicate actual infection | objective data |
| ______________ include patient's complaint of chills, malaise, or tenderness at wound site | subjective findings |
| things that can be done to limit or reduce infection: | work w/physicians or health providers, dietitians, & other team members |
| things that can be done to limit or reduce infection: | provide therapies such as antibiotic administration & wound care |
| things that can be done to limit or reduce infection: | implement appropriate infection control measures |
| select ______________ in collaboration w/patient, family, & other health care team members | achievable goals |
| set ______________ based on patient's nursing diagnoses | priorities for care |
| give ______________ to any urgent needs infection creates | special attention |
| once infection begins to resolve, focus priorities on ______________ and emotional support | patient education |
| due to importance of patient's required level of care continue after discharge, assess patient, family, & other caregivers for their ability to provide ______________ | continuity of care |
| good ______________ begins with prevention | infection control |
| review w/patients & their family ______________ that strengthen host's defenses, such as nutrition, recommended immunizations, personal hygiene, & regular rest & exercise | preventive measures |
| explain ______________ , such as hand hygiene, designed to prevent infections from occurring | infection control principles |
| assess any ______________ & how patients & families will be able to integrate infection control & prevention into their cultural beliefs | cultural differences |
| ______________ has major influence on resistance to infection | nutrition |
| ______________ vary depending on age, health status, & other variables | nutritional requirements |
| ______________ plays in maintaining immunity & preventing infection | proper diet |
| ______________ patient's food preferences when possible | incorporate |
| one infection control goal of ______________ for patient is to reduce microorganisms on skin & maintain well-being of mucous membranes such as mouth & vagina | personal hygiene |
| ______________ for infants & children have decreased occurrence of many childhood diseases | immunization programs |
| advise patients about ______________, but also make them aware of contraindications for certain vaccines, especially for pregnant or lactating women | advantages of immunizations |
| adequate rest & regular exercise help prevent ______________ | infections |
| ______________ increases lung capacity, circulation, energy, & endurance | physical exercise |
| ______________ decreases stress & improves appetite, sleeping, & elimination | physical exercise |
| ______________ of supplies & good hand hygiene are examples of aseptic methods used to control spread of microorganisms | disinfection & sterilization |
| when patient develops infection, continue ______________ so that health care personnel & other patients do not acquire infection | preventive care |
| ______________ involve control of patient's environment by forming barriers against bacterial spread | isolation precautions |
| treatment of infection includes ______________ of organism & support of patient's defenses | identification & elimination |
| administer ______________ carefully, watching for allergic reactions & assessing effect on patient's infection | antibiotics |
| ______________ , those that affect body as whole, require measures to prevent complications of fever | systemic infections |
| ______________ prevents dehydration resulting from diaphoresis (excessive sweating) | drinking fluids |
| ______________ requires adequate nutritional intake | increase metabolism |
| ______________ preserves energy for healing process | rest |
| ______________ often require measures to facilitate removal of infectious organisms | localized infections |
| apply ______________ dressings to remove infected drainage from wound sites | wet-to-dry |
| applying ______________ helps blood flow to infected site & thus delivers components of blood needed to fight infection | heat compresses |
| use medical & surgical ______________ to manage wounds & handle infected drainage or body fluids correctly | aseptic techniques |
| during any infection you support patient's ______________ | body defense mechanisms |
| basic medical aseptic techniques break ______________ | infection chain |
| proper cleaning, disinfection, & sterilization of ______________ significantly reduces & often eliminates microorganisms | contaminated objects |
| ______________ occurs before disinfection & sterilization procedures | cleaning |
| when cleaning objects soiled by blood or body fluids, apply ______________ such as gloves, goggles, & mask to protect from splashing fluids | personal protective equipment (PPE) |
| ______________ eliminates almost all pathogenic organisms on objects, w/exception of bacterial spores | disinfection |
| ______________ eliminates or destroys all forms of microbial life including spores | sterilization |
| level of ______________ depends on type & use of contaminated item | disinfection & sterilization |
| to ______________ in reservoir sites, eliminate sources of body fluids, drainage, or solutions that possibly harbor microorganisms | control or eliminate infection |
| to control organisms exiting through ______________, avoid talking, sneezing, or coughing directly over surgical wound or sterile dressing field | respiratory tract |
| when using ______________, always wipe off bell, diaphragm, & ear tips with disinfectant (such as alcohol wipe) before proceeding to next patient | stethoscope |
| to prevent transmission of microorganisms through indirect contact, do not allow soiled items & equipment to ______________ | touch your clothing |
| most important & most basic technique in preventing & controlling transmission of infection is ______________ | hand hygiene |
| ______________ is antiseptic handwash or antiseptic hand rub that surgical personnel perform preoperatively to eliminate transient & reduce resident hand flora | surgical hand antisepsis |
| ______________ or barrier protection includes appropriate use of personal protection equipment such as gloves, masks or respirators, eyewear, & gowns to protect you from exposure to blood & body fluids | isolation |
| first & most important tier is called ______________ & is used for care of all patients, in all settings, regardless of diagnosis | standard precautions |
| ______________ apply to contact with blood, body fluid, nonintact skin, & mucous membranes from all patients | standard precautions |
| ______________ protect patient & provide protection for health care worker | standard precautions |
| you do/do not routinely need to wear gown or gloves when giving oral medications, but need these barriers when changing dressing from draining wound | do not |
| if you rush care or show lack of interest in ______________, patient will feel rejected & even more isolated | patient's needs |
| explain ______________ of depression or loneliness to family members | patient's potential risk |
| encourage visitors to avoid ______________ or actions concerning isolation | negative expressions |
| advise family members on ways to provide ______________ | meaningful stimulation |
Created by:
chaptravelman
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