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cells qu
patho cells questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| explain what a stressor is | interferes with normal cell function |
| Explain what an adaptatin is | cell or sytem reas to restore normal function |
| Explain what a cell injury is | decrease cell function interferes with normal cell function |
| Explain what a cell death is | cell or system unable to restore function and dies |
| Explain what healing is | Repairs injury. |
| Describe the way a cell responds o stress | 1- adaptation of growth and differentiation 2- intracellular accumulation3- pathologic calcification |
| what is atrophy in the response of cells to a sressor | 1) Atrophy= decrease in cell size, broken arm |
| what is hypertrophy in the response of cells to a sressor | 2) Hypertorphy= increase in cell size, increase muscle mass, in exercise. |
| what is hyperplasia in the response of cells to a sressor | 3) Hyperplasia= increase in cell number, breast enlargement in pregnat women. |
| what is metaplasia in the response of cells to a sressor | cell type replaced by another cell type, chronic irritation |
| what is Dysplasia in the response of cells to a sressor | Cells that vary in size, shape and appearance, chronic irritation. |
| What is Jaundice | a yellow discolouration of tissue caused by the retention of bilirubin ( bile pigmentation) |
| What is intracellular accumulation | build up of substances that cells cannot immediatley use or dispose of |
| Describe the abnormal products that has accumulated in Alzheimers disease, how does this efect nerve function | the presence of neurofibrillary tangles.the are twisted fragments of protein within nerve cells that clog up the cell. |
| What is pathologic calcification | Abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with small ammounts of iron, magnesium and other minerals. |
| What is distrophy calcification and metastatic calcification | Distrophy= when it occurs in deadly tissue eg aortic valveMetastatic calcification= when it occurs in normal tissue. |
| What is hypoxia | lack of oxygen, interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP. |
| What happens when a patient if they have a fever of 45 degrees | accelerating metabolism, vascular injury, inactive enzymes, duisruption in cell metabolism |
| Why would a patient be given antibiotics if they suffer from frost bite. | because there is high risk of infection, and further on it could lead to gangreen if not treated correctly. |
| What happens while a person is being electricuted? | The electrical current will choose a pathway that has the most fluid. It will cause extensive tissue injury and disruptioin of neural and cardiac impulses. |
| In cancer drugs can injure cells, explain how | Through interuption of ell replication (DNA) It can directly kill the cellCan cause a variety of genetic mutations. |
| What are some nutritional imbalances that cause a disease. | Anaemia= iron deficiency, not enough hahemoglobinScurvy= vit c def, poor coagulationberi beri= vit b def, damage to peripheral nerves. |
| What is apoptosis | Cell death by suicide |
| What is necrosis | Cell death by cell damage |
| Describe the 3 major mechanisms that cause cell injury | Depletion of ATPFree radical formationImpaired calcium homeostasis |
| What is depletion of ATP | Depletion of ATP= hypoxia and chemical cell injury |
| What is free radical formation? | Free radical formation= Highly reactive chemical agent that enters into and disrupts normal cellular reactions |
| What is impaired calcium homeostasis | Impaired calcium homeostasis= calcium functins a messenger for the release of many untracelular enzymes. |
| How are cancer and apoptosis related | The chemicals used in cancer treatment can induce apoptosis. |
| What is gangrene | It is necrosis and subsequent decay of body tissue cause by infection or lack of blood flow |
| Destinguish between dry and wet gagrene | Dry= The area becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles and colour changes to blue/ black.wet= when an area of necrotic tissue becomes infected. |
| What is an infectious disease? | when the invasion of a host by micro-organism producers harmful and potentially lethal consequence. |
| what is meant by and opportunistic infection | if the immue system is compromised, the disease/ infection takes over or becomes prevalent. |
| define obligate intracellular organism | Viruses, require a host to replicate |
| define obligate extracellular organism | bacteria and fungi can grow andmultiply outside a host. |
| Define a pathogen | any disease causing micro-organism |
| Define a Micro-organism | any organism that can only be observed with the aid of a microscope |
| Define a Host | an organism whose body provides nourishment and shelter for a micro-organism |
| Define an Infection | the invasion of any living organism by disease- causing micro-organism |
| Define a virus | The disease producing ability of a micro-organism. |
| What is a prion | proteinciceous infectious particletype of infectious agent made only of protein which has undergone changes. |
| How is a prion transmitted, replicated, and what is the treatment | -Injected, contaminated tissue, contaminated medical devices, food-resist digestion and moves straight to the intestines and then absorped- no treatment only alleviate symptoms |
| What are the different ways a virus can bring about disease | -cell lysis (polio virus)-latency ( Herpes virus)-continuous release of budding viral particle-oncogenesis (human papiloma virus) |
| How are viruses transmitted | bite of an infected arthropod ( Mosquito)enteroviruses ( contaminated food or drinking water)transmission of infected tissue of bodily fliuids (HIV)air transmission ( Sneeze)Sex (Herpes) |
| Name the different stages of viral replication? | Attachment, Penertration, Replication, Assembly, Release-lysis |
| how would you treat a viral infection? | Vaccination to provide resistence to infectiondrugs to treat symptomsantiviral med, stop replication of virus. |
| what are 2 ways to identify/ name bacteria | Genus- group of biocemically and genetically related organismSpecies- Further subdivision into distinct individual. |
| what is the real name for staph, where is it found, how is it transmitted. | Staphylococcus aureus. on the skin, up the noseThrough sneezing, |
| Ecoli is bacteria, what happens when it goes wrong? | causes UTI, meningitis, peritonitis, septicaemia. |
| what is an endotoxin | component of the cell wall of all bacteria |
| what is an exotoxin | include a huge number of proteins that are secreted from the bacterial cell produced by gram + bacteria. |
| compare the treatment options for tinea and oral thrush. | - antifungal treatmentoral or topical. |
| what are 3 common modes of how pathogen penetrates the host defenses. | Direct contact, any disruption to the integrity of the body's surface barriers (skin)Ingestion the entry of a pathogen or their toxic products through the oral cavity or GI tract (food poisoning)Inhalation entry via the respiratory tract. (Pneumonia) |
| what is endogenous | acquired from the host's own microbial flora, opportunistic infection |
| what is exogenous | aquired from the sources in the external environment |
| what is congenital infection | from mother to child during gestation |
| what is zoonoses | infectiouses disease passed from other animal species to human |
| what perinatal | from mother to child during birth |
| what is nosocomial | infections that develop in patients while they are hospitalized |
| what is community aquired | aquired outside of health care facilities. |
| Define the first stage of infection progress | incubation= active replication without producing recognizable symptoms |
| define the second stage of infection prgress | prodromal stage= initial apearance of symptoms (mild) |
| define the third stage of infection progress | acute stage= maximum impact of the infectious process |
| define the fourth stage of infection progress | convalescent stage= containment of infection, progressive, elimination of the pathogen repair and resolution. |
| define the fith stage of infection progress | community acquired= aquired outside of health care facilities. |
| what is meant by the virulence of a disease | are substance or products produced by the infectious agent that enhance their ability to cause disease.(disease-producing potential) |
| what are 3 common methods for lab based testing for an infectious agent. | culture= growingthe pathogen outside of the bodyserology= detects antibodies product against invading pathogenGenomic= detects the DNA or RNA of invading pathogen. |
| Identify 4 conditions that result from ischaemia | -heart attack, -necrotic tissue-stroke- |
| what is meant by congestive heart failure | the heart cannot pump away the blood that is being returned to it. |
| how do ace inhibitors reduce blood pressure | They stop the conversion of angiotension one to 2 |
| What are heart mumurs | it is where the blood sloshes back through the valves.regurgitation between the first and second heart sounds or after the second heart sound. |
| what is orthostatic hypertension | when the patient stands up, the muscle in the legs do not constrict to push the blood back up to the heart. |
| define artherosclerosis | the thickening of the wall due to the build up of fatty tissue. |
| what is stable angina | where a person has cardiac problems, but the pain never exists unless they do exercise or put any stress on the heart. |
| What is myocardal infarction | heart attack characterised by ischaemic death of the myocardial tissue. |
| What is Hypertension | a progressive disease where the diastolic and systolic pressure slowly increase. |
| what is a Fibrillation | there the ventricle quizzers rather than contracts. this causes death. it is caused by a lack of electrical current. |
| what is an ECG | Electroencephelograph. measures the electrical current of the heart |
| What is it called when someone over breaths and what happens to the hydrogen and cardonate. | hyperventilation, the bydrogen and carbonate both rise to keep the equation equilibrium. |
| define bronchitis | Inflamation of the bronchiol, simple without airflow obstruction, chronic obstruction bronchitis. |
| define asthma | bronchospasm and inflamation. |
| define Emphysema | Loss of surface area for gas exchange |
| what is a pneumothorax | when air entres the pleural cavity. |
| Hemothorax | when fluid entres the pleural cavity. |
| What is an URTI | Upper Respiratory Tract Infection |
| Pulmonary embolism | develops when a blood-borne substance lodges an a branch of the pulmonary artery and obstructs the flow. |
| what is Hypoxemia | low levels of oxygen in the blood |
| what is hypercapnia | high and low PCO2 |
| What is cryptorchidism? where do the testis go, why would this make the make infertile | This is where the testis fail to decend into the scrotum, they can be anywhere in the body. The male would be infertile because of the temperature of the sperm, becuase the testis isnt decended. |
| compare the normal migration of testis | the testis go across the abdomin, across to the inguinal cannel, then down to the scrotum. |
| What is hypospadias. why is it a problem | congenital disfunction where the uretral groove isnt at the tip of the penis. This can make the erectile disfunction, unhygenic urinating, and they can have problem with sperm ejection. |
| what is Varicole, causes, symptoms, treatment | accumulastion of fluid around the testis caused by the tunica not fully closed overfeels like small fluid balloon, smooth masssmall incision to drain the fluid, close the opening of the tunica. |
| Testicular torsion, causes, symptoms, treatment | inadequate connective tissue within the scrotum, trauma to the scrotum, strenous exercise. sevre distress after injury, nausea. surgery, untwist and fix blood vessel, orchiectomy, removal of testis |
| What is prostatitis. what are the 4 kinds. | inflammation of the prostate.1-asypmtomatic inflammatory prostatitis, 2- acute bacterial prostatitis, 3- chronic bacterial prostatitis, 4- nonbacterial prostatitis. |
| what causes acute bacterial prostatitis? | bacteria normally found in your large intestine typically cause acute prostatitis. |
| What causes chronic bacterial prostatitis? | develops after an episode of acute prostatitis when bacteria remain in the prostate. |
| What causes chronic nonbacteial prostatitis? | 2 types a) inflammatory- increase in inflammatory cells in prostate secretions but no evidence of bacterial infection.b) non-inflammatory- negative urine culture results and no evedence of prostatic inflammation. |
| Treatment of prostatitis. | -antibiotics-alpha blockers-non steroidal anti-inflammatory-multimodal therapy |
| what is amenorrhea | abence of menstruation, infertile |
| what is hypomenorrhea | scanty menstruation, infertile |
| what is obligomenorrhea | infrequent menstruation, periods more than 35days |
| what is menorrhea | excessive mestruation, at regular intervals |
| what is metorrhagia | bleeding between periods. |
| what can cause a dysfunction of themenstral cycle. | disorder of the ovary, defective ovary function, emotinal stress |
| what is dysmenorrhea, what are the treatment options. | period cramps that are debilitating and last for more than 3 days each month.treatment= prostaglandin inhibitor, suppression of cyce (pill), treat symtoms |
| what are uterine fibroids? where can they develop | growth of fibrous tissue in the uterus, they are towards the outside of the uterus, towards the uterine cavity. |
| how can you treat uterine fibroids? | surgery- histerectomy, myomectomy.medication, radiation, ultrsound. |
| what is endometriosis, why is it so hard to diagnose. | Functional endometrial tissue is found in eptopic sites outide the uterus. the symptoms are very similar to a lot of abdominal problems. the pain in the stomach is the major one. |
| what happens to cause cysts. | the follicle does not rupture or release its oocyte, but continue to accummulate fluid until it becomes a cyst. |
| What causes polycystic ovary syndrome? | lack on ovulation, excessive amounts or effect or androgenis hormones (testosterone) |
| what is pelvic inflammatory disease? Which 3 parts of the female reproductive tract are mostly affectected. | An inflammation of the upper reproductive tract.-uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries. |
| what is PID and where does the infection, leading to PID, come from. | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. comes from sexually transmitted diseases, infection from other routes including lymphatic, postpartum, postabortal or IUD related. |
| What are nociceptors and where do we find them in the body. | they are receptors that detect pain, allong the afferent pathway. |
| What are hyperalgesia. | increased pain sensation. |
| what is analgesia | no pain sensatio, or releif of pain without loss of conciousness. |
| what is an analgesic | a drug that relieves pain. 2 types a) narcotics- act on central nervous system, eg morphine, codeine. b) non narcotics- act on site of pain. eg aspirin, ibuprofen. |
| Describe the 2 types of nerve finres that conduct the pain stimuli and what type of stimuli they respone to. | A delta fibres- mechanical and thermal stimuli |
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slick4chick
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