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Theory Unit V
Nursing Level I Theory Test #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Maslow's Physiological Needs | 1st level. Crucial for survival : air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep, activity, temperature maintenance. |
| Maslow's Safety and Security Needs | 2nd level. Physiological and Physical aspects. The person needs to feel safe in the physical environment and in relationships. |
| Maslow's Love and Belonging Needs | 3rd level. Giving and receiving affection, attaining a place in a group, and maintaining the feeling of belonging. |
| Maslow's Self-Esteem Needs | 4th level. Need for self-esteem: independence, competence, self-respect. Need for esteem from others: recognition, respect, appreciation. |
| Maslow's Actualization Needs | 5th level. Highest level. After all other levels are met an individual has an innate need to develop one's maximum potential and realize one's abilities and qualities. |
| Cephalocaudal growth occurs in which direction? | From the head down. |
| Proximodistal growth occurs in which direction? | From the center of the body out. |
| Growth | Physical change that increase in size and can be measured quantitatively, such as height and weight. |
| Development | Increase in the complexity of function and skill progression. |
| Growth and Development Principle Definition | Continuous, orderly, sequential processes influenced by maturational, environmental, and genetic factors. |
| Erik H. Erikson (1902-1994) | People continue to develop throughout life. 8 stages of development. |
| Trust vs Mistrust | Erikson. Birth to 18 months. Primary care giver meets the needs of food, shelter, and personal care. |
| Autonomy vs Shame and Guilt | Erikson. 18 months to 3 years. Development of controlling bodily functions. |
| Initiative vs Guilt | Erikson. 3 to 5 years. Assertiveness and behavioral awareness. If unsuccessful the child will have decreased self-confidence and a feeling of fear. |
| Industry vs Inferiority | Erikson. 6-12 years. Success indicates the child's ability to create. Negative response is withdrawal and a sense of hopelessness. |
| Intimacy vs Isolation | Erikson. Adolescents 12 - 20 years. Exploring relationships and work experience. Negative response would be avoidance of career or relationship. |
| Generativity vs Stagnation | Erikson. Adulthood 25 - 65 years. Creativity and development of other interests. |
| Integrity vs Despair | Erikson. 65 years to death. Individuals accept their life and their ultimate death. |
| Robert Peck (1968) | Physical capabilities and functions decrease with old age, but mental and social capacities tend to increase in the latter part of life. 3 Developmental Tasks during old age. |
| Ego Differentiation vs Work-Role Preoccupation | Peck. An adult's identity and feelings of worth are highly dependent on that person's work role. Upon retirement that role may need to be replaced by a number of other roles (Golf or gardening) for self-esteem. |
| Body Transcendence vs Body Preoccupation | Peck. Individuals must adjust to decreasing physical capabilities while maintaining a feeling of well-being. |
| Ego Transcendence vs Ego Preoccupation | Peck. Acceptance without fear of one's death as inevitable vs holding on to life with a need for self-gratification. |
| Robert Havighurst (1900-1991) | 6 stages - 6 to 10 task each. Learning is basic to life and people continue learning throughout life. |
| Havighurst Infancy and Early Childhood Tasks | 1.Walk 2.Eat 3.Talk 4.Toilet Training 5.Sexual Differences/Modesty 6.Psychological Stability 7.Concept of Social and Physical Reality 8.Emotional Relations 9.Right from Wrong/Conscience |
| Havighurst Middle Childhood Tasks | 1.Ordinary Skills 2.Wholesome Self Attitude 3.Get Along with Age-Mates 4.Masculine/Feminine Roles 5.Fundamental Skills 6.Everyday Living Concepts 7.Conscience/Morals/Values 8.Personal Independence 9.Opinions/Attitudes |
| Havighurst Adolescence Tasks | 1.Mature Relations 2.Masculine/Feminine Roles 3.Accepting Physique 4.Emotional Independence 5.Economic Independence 6.Prepare for Occupation/Marriage/Family 7.Intellectual Skills 8.Behavior 9.Values/Ethics |
| Havighurst Early Adulthood Tasks | 1.Mate 2.Live with Partner 3.Family 4.Children 5.Manage a Home 6.Start Occupation 7.Civic Responsibility 8.Congenial Social Group |
| Havighurst Middle Age Tasks | 1.Civic/Social Responsibility 2.Economic Standards 3.Assisting Teenage Children 4.Adult Leisure Time 5.Relating to Spouse as a Person 6.Accepting/Adjusting to Physiological Change 7.Aging Parents |
| Havighurst Maturity Tasks | 1.Adjusting to Physical Strength/Health 2.Adjusting to Retirement/Income 3.Adjusting to Death of Spouse 4.Affiliation with Age Group 5.Social/Civic Responsibility 6.Physical Living Arrangements |
| Roger Gould | Studied Adult Development. 7 Stages beginning with age 16. |
| Gould Stage 1 (ages 16-18) | Individuals consider themselves part of the family rather than individuals and want to separate from their parents. |
| Gould Stage 2 (ages 18-22) | Although the individual has established autonomy, they feel it is in jeopardy; they feel they could be pulled back into their families. |
| Gould Stage 3 (ages 22-28) | Individuals feel established as adults and autonomous from families. Feel well-defined, but still want to prove themselves to parents. Time for growing and building the future. |
| Gould Stage 4 (age 28-34) | Marriage and career are well established. Question what life is about. No longer feel the need to prove themselves. |
| Gould Stage 5 (ages 34-43) | Period of self-reflection. Question values and life. See time as finite, with little time left to shape lives of adolescent children. |
| Gould Stage 6 (ages 43-50) | Personalities are seen as set. Time is accepted as finite. Interests in social activities with friends and spouse. Desire sympathy and affection from spouse. |
| Gould Stage 7 (ages 50-60) | Period of transformation. Realization of mortality and concern for health. Increase in warmth and a decrease in negativism. Spouse is seen as valuable. |
| Cognitive Development Theory | Manner in which people learn to think, reason, and use language and other symbols. |
| Jean Piaget (1896-1980) | Most widely known cognitive theorist. 5 major phases. |
| Piaget's Theory | Cognitive development is an orderly, sequential process in which a variety of new experiences must exist before intellectual abilities can develop . |
| Piaget's 5 Major Phases | Sensorimotor phase, preconceptual phase, Intuitive thought phase, concrete operations phase, formal operations phase. |
| Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) | Specifically addresses moral development in children and adults. 3 Levels and 6 stages. |
| Moral | Relating to right and wrong |
| Morality | Requirements necessary for people to live together in society |
| Moral Behavior | The way a person perceives the requirements necessary for people to live together in society and how they respond to them. |
| Moral Development | Pattern of change in moral behavior with age. |
| Kohlberg's Preconventional Level | Responding to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right and wrong. Punishment or reward. |
| Kohlberg's Conventional Level | Conformity and loyalty to one's own expectations as well as society's. Concerns about maintaining the expectations of the family, group, or nation and sees this as right. |
| Kohlberg's Postconventional Level | People make an effort to define valid values and principles without regard to outside authority or to the expectation of others. |
| James Fowler | Describes faith as a force that gives meaning to a persons life. |
| Fowler's Paradoxical-Consolidative Phase | Occurs after 30 years of age with awareness of truth from many different view points. |
| Fowler's Universalizing Phase | An individual may never reach this stage. The individual expresses the principles of love and justice in their life. |
| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Appearance | Hair: thin/grey Skin: decreased turgor/moisture/subQ fat, and wrinkling. Fatty tissue redistributed=fat in abdominal area |
| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Musculoskeletal System | Muscle bulk decreases at 60. Thinning intervertebral disks=decrease in height. Calcium lose in bone tissue. |
| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Cardiovascular System | Blood vessels lose elasticity and become thicker. |
| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Sensory Perception | Visual acuity declines by late 40's. Auditory acuity for high-frequency sounds declines. |
| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Metabolism | Slows, and may result in weight gain. |
| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Gastrointestinal System | Gradual decrease in large intestine tone and may cause constipation. |
| Middle-Ages Adult Physical Change in Urinary System | Nephron units are lost, and glomerular filtration rate decreases. |
| Middle-Aged Adult Physical Change in Sexuality | Hormonal changes take place. |
Created by:
Jnford15
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