Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Micro Blood Viral
Micro106 - Viral diseases of the blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is HIV? | It is Human immunodeficiency virus, it is a retrovirus. |
| What are HIVs characteristics? | It contains two copies of a single stranded RNA. The genome is packed with reverse transcriptase - it copies RNA into DNA. |
| How does the HIV virus work? | Once the RNA is transcribed into double stranded DNA, the DNA integrates into the host DNA as a provirus. |
| What does HIV infect? | HIV normally infects the immune system T lymphocytes (CD4 T cells). It incapacitates the T lymphocytes allowing opportunistic pathogens to infect the body. |
| What are the symptoms of Stage 1 HIV? | Flu-like illness within a month or two of exposure. Seroconversion means the immune system is activated against the virus and antibodies can be detected in the blood. |
| What are the symptoms of Stage II HIV? | The individual usually remains free of major disease, even without treatment. Can last 6 to 8 years during which the HIV levels in blood slowly rise |
| What are the symptoms of Stage III HIV? | Occurs when the immune system loses the fight against HIV. Symptoms worsen and opportunistic infections develop. |
| How is HIV transmitted? | HIV is transmitted through blood & sexual contact. Health care workers can be at risk through needle sticks. Infected mothers can transmit the virus during birth or breastfeeding. |
| What is AZT? | AZT is Azidothymidine. It is the first drug used for treatment. It interferes with reverse transcriptase activity. |
| What is HAART? | Since HIV can become resistant to some antivirals, a cocktail of drugs called highly active antiretroviral therapy are used. HAART reduces the risk of transmission and can extend life of patients by 8 years. |
| Why isn't there a vaccine for HIV? | HIV continually mutates and recombines making vaccine development difficult. A vaccine would need to activate T lymphocytes. |
| What is hepatitis? | Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver produced by autoimmune disease, alcohol or drug abuse, genetic disorders or microbial infections. |
| What are the characteristics of Hepatitis B virus (HBV)? | It is a double-straded DNA genome with a partial single strand and is the smallest know DNA virus. The nucleocapsid is surrounded by a core antigen HBcAg, and an envelope containing a surface antigen HBsAg. |
| What are the symptoms of HBV? | Symptoms include fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite, nausea, right side abdominal pain, dark colored urine & jaundice. |
| How is HBV transmitted? | Transmission usually involves direct or indirect contact with bodily fluid, blood, semen or vaginal fluid. Other risk factors include sharing needles, tattooing, and piercings. Incubation can be 4 weeks to 6 months; people can be carriers of HBV. |
| What are the characteristics of Hepatitis C virus (HBC)? | It is a single stranded, enveloped RNA virus. It is transmitted by blood, most cases involve sharing syringes, tattooing & piercing. It is rarely passed by sexual contact. |
| What are the symptoms of HCV? | Few symptoms are associated with primary infection; most cases develop a symptomless chronic infection involving cirrhosis and possibly incites inflammatory & immune responses. |
| What is the major complication with HCV? | HCV damage is the primary reason for liver transplants in the US. Damage is accelerated by alcoholism & drug use. |
| Are there vaccines for hepatitis diseases? | There is a vaccine for HBV & HAV, but none for HCV. The HAV & HBV vaccines seem to give some protection against HCV. |
| What are flaviviruses? | Flaviviruses are also called arboviruses because they are arthropod borne (carried by insects). |
| What is yellow fever? | Yellow fever was the first human disease to be associated with a virus. It is passed by mosquitoes. |
| What are the symptoms & possible complications of yellow fever? | Primary symptoms include headache, fever & muscle pain. Severe symptoms can include black vomit, jaundice, hemorrhaging of the gums, nose & mouth. 50% enter a coma and die from internal bleeding. Vaccines are available, but no therapeutic drugs exist. |
| What is Dengue fever? | Dengue fever occurs in 4 types. Early signs include high fever and prostration, sharp pains & bone braking sensations. Complications occur if another type of dengue fever enters the body, rash from skin hemorrhages, severe vomiting & shock, hypotension. |
| What are Bunyaviruses? | Bunyaviruses are viruses that are spread by infected animals. |
| What is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)? | It is caused by a strain of hantavirus named 'Sin Nombre' or no name. It is an enveloped virus with single stranded RNA genome divided into 3 segments. |
| What is the host of HPS? | The deer mouse is the host. It sheds the virus in saliva, urine & feces. |
| How are humans infected with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome? | Humans are infected by inhaling dried, aerosolized urine or feces. Don't sweep a dry possibly contaminated floor with a broom; use a wet mop to prevent the pathogens from becoming airborne. |
| What are the symptoms of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome? | Many suffer from headaches, dizziness, difficulty breathing and hypotension. Inflammation causes capillaries to leak fluid into lungs. Respiratory failure can occur as lungs fill with fluid. |
| Hantavirus info | Emerging disease, cases occur west of Mississippi River, outbreaks correlate with increase in mouse population, preventions aimed at minimizing exposure. |
| What is Ebola hemorrhagic fever? | Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHV) occurs occasionally in Africa, it has a 50-90% mortality rate, it is possibly carried by the fruit bat. Virus damages endothelial cells causing massive internal bleeding & hemorrhaging. |
| How is ebola transmitted? | Transmission can occur with contact with blood or secretions from an infected person or contaminated object. |
| What is Marburg hemorrhagic fever? | MHV was first identified in green monkeys, it’s mode of transmission is unclear. Symptoms are similar to Ebola, but fatality rate is lower. |
| What are the characteristics of Hepatitis A (HAV)? | It a single stranded RNA virus. |
| How is Hep A transmitted? | It is transmitted by food or water contaminated by human feces. Can be transmitted by raw shellfish. Vaccine is available. |
| What is the pathology of Hep A? | Virus reaches the liver by unknown route where it replicates. Enlargement of liver & jaundice are initial symptoms. |
| What is the rotavirus? | The rotavirus is a double stranded DNA genome within a double walled capsid. Causes 25% of traveler’s diarrhea, can be fatal in children. Vaccine available |
| How is the rotavirus transmitted? | Rotavirus it transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Virus invades the small intestine, replacement of fluids crucial. |
| What is the norovirus? | Norovirus, originally called Norwalk virus, is a small, non-enveloped single stranded RNA virus. It is the common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults. |
| How is norovirus transmitted? | Norovirus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, direct person to person contact, & contact with infected surfaces. |
| What is the pathology of norovirus? | Norovirus infects the epithelium of upper small intestine, symptoms similar to rotavirus. Recent outbreaks on cruise ships, highly contagious. |
| What are symptoms of rabies infection? | Incubation varies from 6 days to 1 year. Fever, headache and increased muscle tension develop. Patients initially alert & aggressive, followed by paralysis & brain degeneration. Death from respiratory paralysis occurs within days. |
| What is the pathology of Polio? | Polio infects the gray matter of the spinal cord and brain. Virus enters the body through contaminated food & water. It multiplies in the tonsils, lymph tissue & GI tract. |
| What does bulbar polio affect? | Bulbar polio infects the medulla, affecting nerves in the neck, face & upper torso. |
| Polio eradication | Trivalent vaccines contain all three types of poliovirus. |
Created by:
jrb265
Popular Nursing sets