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fund ch 21
Fundamentals Exam #4 chapter 21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Nutrition? | The total of all processes involved in taking in and using food substances for proper growth, functioning, and maintenance of health. |
| What are Dietary reference intakes (DRIs)? | a set of nutrient-based values that can be used for both assessing and planning diets |
| What are RDAs? | Recommended dietary allowances -- which have been used for more than 50 years in the United States. |
| What is a chemical compound or element found in food that is necessary for good health? | Nutrient |
| What are Essential nutrients? | Those that our bodies cannot make in amounts necessary for good health, and therefore we must obtain them through diet or other sources. |
| What are the 6 classes of Essential Nutrients? | carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. |
| What basic body functions to nutrients perform? | (1) provide energy, (2) build and repair tissue, and (3) regulate body processes. |
| What is a measurement of energy, much as pound is a measurement of weight? | Kilocalorie |
| The more kilocalories in a food, the lesser its energy-giving potential. True or False | False, more kilocalories = greater energy |
| Of the Six Essential Nutrients, which provide the body with energy? | Carbohydrates, Fat and Protein |
| What is the combination of all chemical processes that take place in living organisms? | Metabolism |
| What is an integral part of almost all chemical reactions in the body? | Water |
| What are any of a group of organic compounds, the most important being sugar, starch, cellulose, and gum? | Carbohydrates |
| What is the main function of carbohydrates? | Provide energy |
| What are simple Carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) and Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose & maltose) |
| Which is the simple carbohydrate or simple sugar found in fruit? | Fructose |
| Which is the sugar found in milk? | Lactose |
| Which is the sugar found in table sugar? | Sucrose |
| From a chemical view carbohydrates are made of molecular units called ____________? | saccharides |
| What are any of a group of organic compounds, the most important being sugar, starch, cellulose, and gum? | Carbohydrates |
| What is the main function of carbohydrates? | Provide energy |
| What are simple Carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) and Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose & maltose) |
| Which is the simple carbohydrate or simple sugar found in fruit? | Fructose |
| Which is the sugar found in milk? | Lactose |
| Which is the sugar found in table sugar? | Sucrose |
| From a chemical view carbohydrates are made of molecular units called ____________? | saccharides |
| What are Complex Carbohydrates? | Polysaccharides and they include starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber. |
| Which complex carbohydrate is not generally consumed in the diet but is the body's storage form of carbohydrate and is found mainly in the liver, with some storage in the muscles. | Glycogen |
| What are a group of organic substances of a fatty nature that are insoluble in water and necessary for good health? | Lipids |
| What is the body's storage form of fat and helps insulate the body from temperature extremes? | Adipose Tissue |
| How do we classify Fatty Acids? | As saturated or unsaturated |
| What are Saturated Fats? | One whose chemical bonds are completely filled or saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fats share similar characteristics. They are generally of animal origin and solid at room temperature. |
| What are unsaturated fats? | A fatty acid that has one or more places on its chemical chain where hydrogen is missing. These are called points of unsaturation. |
| What are monounsaturated fatty acids? | Fatty acids with only one point of unsaturation. |
| What are fatty acids with two or more points of unsaturation? | Polyunsaturated Fats |
| Which fat tend to increase blood cholesterol levels, thus increasing the risk of atherosclerosis (the buildup of fatty deposits on the artery walls)? | Saturated Fats |
| What are unsaturated fatty acids that vary slightly in their chemical configuration from naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids? | Trans Fatty Acids |
| What is a process in which hydrogen is added to vegetable oil to make it more solid and stable to rancidity? | Hydrogenation |
| What do Trans fatty acids in the diet tend to do? | Increase blood cholesterol levels. |
| Which lipid is synthesized in the liver and is found in foods of animal origin? | Cholesterol |
| Carbohydrates, fat, and protein all contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but protein is unique in that it also contains __________? | Nitrogen |
| What are necessary for tissue growth, repair, and wound healing? | Proteins |
| What are the building blocks of protein? | Amino Acids |
| How many amino acids are used by the human body and can be bonded in a variety of ways to form different proteins. | 20 |
| What percentage of daily calories should come from protein? | 10-35% |
| Of the 20 Amino Acids used by the body how many are considered ESSENTIAL amino acids and why? | 9 are considered essential amino acids; that is, the body does not make them in sufficient quantity to sustain health and they must be obtained from the diet. |
| What is a Complete Protein? | One that contains all nine essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio for the body's needs. They are generally of animal origin and are found in foods such as meat, poultry and fish, milk, cheese, eggs, and soy. |
| What are Incomplete Proteins? | Those that are lacking in one or more of the essential amino acids. Incomplete proteins are of plant origin and include the protein in grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. |
| Which vegetarian diet includes fruits, vegetables, grains, and milk and dairy products? | Lactovegetarian |
| Which vegetarian diet includes fruits, vegetables, grains, milk and dairy products and eggs? | Lacto-ovovegetarian |
| Which vegetarian diet completely excludes all animal products? | Vegan |
| What is the breaking-down or destructive phase of metabolism? | Catabolism |
| What is the building-up or constructive phase of metabolism? | Anabolism |
| What are organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for normal physiologic and metabolic functioning of the body? | Vitamins |
| What condition results from exposure to excess amounts of a substance that does not cause adverse effects in small amounts? | Toxicity |
| How can vitamins be classified? | Whether they are soluble in fat or soluble in water. |
| Are vitamins A, D, E, and K water or fat soluble? | Fat soluble |
| Which vitamins can be readily stored in the body, fat soluble or water soluble? | Fat soluble |
| Which vitamins are classified as water soluble? | B vitamins and vitamin C |
| Which vitamins are considered Antioxidants? | Vitamin E, C and A |
| What is the RDA for vitamin C? | 90 mg/day for men and 75 mg/day for women. |
| A patient in long-term care who is confined indoors and does not drink milk or consume milk products may be at risk for a deficiency in which vitamin? | Vitamin D |
| Which vitamin plays a role in blood clotting? | Vitamin K |
| What is the difference between major or trace minerals? | Major minerals are those needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day. |
| Which minerals are classified as major? | calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride |
| Which nutrient has a protective effect from both osteoporosis and hypertension? | Calcium |
| What is the abnormal reduction in bone density leading to bone pain, fractures, loss of stature, and deformities? | Osteoporosis |
| What percentage of people with hip fractures die from complications within 1 year of the fracture? | An estimated 12% to 20% |
| When is peak bone mass achieved? | During the age span of 19 to 30 years. |
| What percentage of Americans suffer from hypertension (HTN)? | Approximately 65 million, or 31% of American adults, suffer from hypertension. |
| DIETARY FACTORS INCREASE EXCRETION (LOSS) OF CALCIUM IN URINE | High-sodium diets, Low-potassium diets, High-protein diets and Caffeine |
| What is hypokalemia? | When the blood potassium level is less than 3.5 mmol/L —a life-threatening state. |
| In children what type of nutrient deficiency has been associated with a short attention span, irritability, and a reduced ability to learn. | Iron deficiency |
| Wich nutrient is necessary for glucose metabolism and seems to work with insulin in regulating blood glucose thus making it particularly important for those suffering from diabetes mellitus. | Chromium |
| Which nutrient is the most vital to life? | Water |
| Water makes up what percentage of body weight in an adult? | 60% |
| Water makes up what percentage of body weight in an infant? | 80% |
| How does water transport nutrients and other substances throughout the body? | By way of the blood, body secretions, and tissue fluids. |
| Water is necessary to regulate what? | Body temperature |
| What are poor skin turgor; flushed, dry skin; dry mouth; decreased urine output; irritability; and disorientation a sign of? | Dehydration |
| During pregnancy, which increase more, nutrient or calorie needs? | Nutrient |
| What are foods that contain large amounts of nutrients relative to kilocalories? | Nutrient-dense foods |
| What is the weight of a LBW (low birth weight) infant? | LBW infants have a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds |
| What dietary practice contributes to an increased risk of mental and physical retardation of the fetus? | Consumption of Alcohol |
| What is is the name given to the cluster of signs and symptoms seen in an infant whose mother consumed excess alcohol during her pregnancy? | Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
| The average infant's birth weight triples or doubles by the first birthday. | Triples |
| Introducing solid food too early may increase the risk for what in infants? | Food allergies and choking |
| At what age can solid foods be introduced into the infants diet? | 4-6 months |
| What principles should be followed when introducing solid foods? | Single-ingredient foods should be chosen and introduced one at a time at weekly intervals |
| Under what circumstances should wheat cereal, wheat products, and egg whites be withheld until 1 year of age? | If the family has a history of food allergies. |
| Kilocalorie needs decrease by what percentage for each decade between 55 and 75? | 5% and 7% for each decade after 75 |
| What is the use of specific nutrition services to treat an illness, injury, or condition. | Medical Nutrition Therapy |
| A diet used as a medical treatment is called what? | Therapeutic Diet |
| What is the amount of energy used by the body at rest to maintain vital functions? | basal metabolic rate (BMR), |
| What is an excess of adipose tissue or body fat? | Obesity |
| What has become the medical standard used to define obesity? | Body mass index (BMI) |
| What are the three most common eating disorders? | Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. |
| Which eating disorder is characterized by self-imposed starvation? | Anorexia nervosa |
| Which eating disorder is characterized by periods of binge eating followed by purging or inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain? | Bulimia nervosa |
| Which eating disorder is characterized by frequent, recurrent episodes of eating a larger amount of food than normal during a short time (within a 2-hour period) and feeling a lack of control over eating during the episode. | Binge-eating disorder |
| A disease in which the body does not produce any insulin is Diabetes Type 1 or 2? | Type 1 |
| What is Type 2 Diabetes? | A metabolic disorder resulting from the body's inability to make enough, or properly use, insulin |
| What is the disorder characterized by buildup of cholesterol and lipids on the artery walls? | Atherosclerosis |
| What type of unsaturated fats found in fatty fish, flaxseed oil, and soy products—have been shown to have cardiovascular benefit? | omega-3 fatty acids |
| What conditions may warrant protein restrictions? | Chronic renal failure and cirrhosis of the liver. |
| What is the administration of nutritionally balanced liquefied foods or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum by way of a nasoenteric tube or a feeding ostomy? | Tube feeding |
| What is an Ostomy? | A srgical opening through which a feeding tube may pass |
| What is the term used to describe intravenous feeding? | Parenteral nutrition, or hyperalimentation |
| What is the administration of a hypertonic solution into a large central vein? | Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) |
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bsmymicareo
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