Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
SOPN MicroBio
SOPN Immunity (MicroBio)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define "Immunity" | The body's ability to resist invaders and the diseases that they cause. |
| Define "Aquired Immunity" | Immunity that results from the active production or receipt of anitbodies |
| Define "Active Aquired Immunity" | When antibodies are produced within a person's body. PROTECTION IS LONG LASTING. |
| Define "Passive Aquired Immunity" | The person receives antibodies produced by another person, or by an animal. PROTECTION IS TEMPORARY. |
| What are the three lines of lymphocytes? | B lymphocytes (B cells), T lymphocytes (T cells), Natural Killer (NK cells) |
| Where do lymphocytes originate from? | Bone marrow |
| What are the two primary functions of the immune system? | 1) To differentiate between self and non-self 2) To destroy what is non-self |
| Define "Natural Immunity" | Natural immunity is what is inherited and permanent. It consists of anatomical barriers such as unbroken skin, cellular secretions, phagocytes, interferon, lysosomes, WBCs, etc. |
| Define "Acquired Immunity" | This is the reaction that occurs AFTER being exposed to a pathogen, resulting in the production of antibodies. It is the immunity one aquires over a lifetime, and may be passive or active. |
| What are the two types od acquired immunity? | 1) Natural Active Acquired (occurs naturally)2)Artcificial Active Acquired (artificially introduced) |
| Define "Active Acquired Immunity" | It is obtained as a result of having had and recovered from a disease (i.e. chickenpox). Active Immunity is preferable to passive immunity b/c it lasts longer. |
| Define "Artifical Acquired Immunity" | Come from being inoculated w/ a vaccine, antigen, or given a mild form of the disease. This allows body to manufacture antibodies. |
| Define "Vaccine" | A material that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease (injected, or ingested) |
| What does it mean if a virus has been "attenuated?" | Virus has been weakened, but not killed. This is how most vaccines are made. Virus are attenuated by being grown in an animal host, or cultivated in a lab, or by the use of heat or chemicals. |
| What is another method of making a vaccine, aside from attenuating a virus? | Killing or destroying a pathogen w/ heat or chemicals. Vaccines made this way are quickly and easily produced, but less effective than attenuated vaccines b/c they do not last long. |
| Define "passive acquired immunity" | Borrowed immunity. It is acquired artificially by injecting antibodies from the blood of other individuals or animals. Produces immidite effects, but lasts only 3-6 weeks. |
| Define "Natural Passive Acquired Immunity" | A newborn has temporary immunity from mother's antibodies. |
| Define "Artificial passive aqcuired immunity" | Used maninly for tx of virulent dieases, i.e diptheria, measles, tetanus. |
| What is a severe form of food poisoning characterized by nerve damage, and is caused by improperlycanned food? | Clostridium Botulism, bitches. |
| Staphylococcus Aurous gives off an _________ that causes diarrhea, N/V | exotoxin |
| What are the three lines of defense the body used to fend of pathogens? | 1) The SKIN & MUCOUS MEMBRANE, if UNBROKEN 2) THE CIRCULATORY DEFENSE (phagocytes, antibodies, interferon).3) ANTIBODIES, with specific antibodies able to destroy specific antigens ("Antigen Antibody Response") |
| The skin inhibits bacterial growth through its secretion of ___________ ___________ from the sweat glands and fatty acid from the __________ ______________. | -lactic acid-sebaceous glands |
| These line the respiratory tract and sweep away dust and pathogens (part of the 1st line of defense) | mucous membrane and cilia |
| This is an enzyme found in nasal secretions, tears, and saliva and kills a certain gram positive bacteria (part of 1st line of defense) | Lysoenzymes |
| In the digestive tract, juices destroy harmful bacteria. Mucuos secretions of te digestive tract entrap & destroy many pathogens, and then removes them via____________. (part of 1st line of defense) | defecation |
| Not all intestinal bacteria are harmful. Name two examples. | E-Coli & enterobacteria Areonogenes are useful in keepng GI tract balanced, & getting rid of waste. |
| GU tract flushes out harmful bacteria via ___________. | frequent urination |
| Vaginal infections are common in women taking oral contraceptives b/c they ___________ the __________ of the vagina. Extensive antibiotic therapy can cause _________ infections in the vagina, b/c normal flora is destroyed. | -reduce the acidity-yeast infections (Candida Albicans) |
| The process of phagocytes (monocytes, neutrophils, & macrophage) surrounding and engulfing bacteria is called....? (2nd line of defense) | phagocytosis |
| WHat are the two types of phagocytes? | 1) FIXED- firmly attached to the tissue of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. They make up the RES system (reticuloendothielial system)2) MOBILE- WBCs that migrate towards pathogen & kills bacteria (called degranulation) |
| Define "Antitoxins" (an antibody, 3rd line of defense) | Neutralize and render harmless the toxin given off by bacteria |
| Define "Agglutinins" (an antibody, 3rd line of defense) | Cause bacteria to clump together, making it easier for WBCs to find & devour it. |
| Define "Lysins" (an antibody, 3rd line of defense) | Cause bacteria to dissolve |
| Define "Opsonins" (an antibody, 3rd line of defense) | make bacteri more easily digested by phagocytes |
| Define "Precipitins" (an antibody, 3rd line of defense) | Cause bacteria to settle out of the blood stream, be filtered & destroyed |
| Sometimes, a bacteria can be fought off quickly, leaving little signs. However, the invasion can result in a LOCAL or GENERAL infection. Explain the difference. | LOCAL INFECTION- restricted to one areaGENERAL INFECTION- have spread to many parts of the body, recognized by finding bacteria in the blood (SEPSIS!) |
| Define "Incubation Period" | The interval between the time bacteria enter the body until the first signs of the diease appears. |
| Explain the relation between WBC count and infection | WBC nl=6000-9000, w/ >9000= possible infection |
| Explain the affect of a moderate fever on bacteria? | Few bacteria can survive in these conditions |
| What are signs of inflammation? | redness, edema, heat, pain |
| Pus is a creamy white substance, containing....? | dead leukocytes and bacteria |
| ____________ causes greenish-blue pus w/ a very foul odor | psuudomonas |
| A ________ is an antigen that causes an allergic reaction. | -Allergen |
| Such allergens stimulate antibody formation such as IgE antibodies that bind to certain cells and cause a reaction. In ______________ IgE binds to the bronchi and bronchioles. In _________ ___________ IgE binds to the respiratory tract & eyes. | -Asthma_Allergic rhinitis |
| A severe & sometimes fatal allergic reaction is...? | Anaphylactic shock |
| What si the antidote for anyphylactic shock? | Adrenalin (or, antihistamines, i.e. Benadryl) |
| Define "Immunization" | The process of increaing an individual's resistance to a particular infection by artificial means. |
| Define "Toxoid" | A toxin weakened by the addition of chemicals or heat, but not weakend enough to decrease production of antibodies (used for diptheria and tetanus immunizations) |
| Define "Immunoglobulin" | A protein that functions specifically as an antibody |
| There are 5 classes of Immnoglobulins. Name them | 1)IgG= enhances phagocytosis; most abbundant of Igs; capable of crossing the placenta2) IgM= 1st Ig produced in response to bacterial or viral infections; largest antibody; confined to blood & functions in agglutination reactions |
| 5 Ig classes cont. | 3) IgA= protects against respiratory, GI,GU infections; found in tears, saliva, GI secretions, colostrum4) IgD= helps Bcells; found in minute amts.; works w/ IgM5) IgE= elevated in allergic reactions & intestinal parasites; found in plasma |
| Define "Autoimmune Disorder" | When and indvidiual's immune system goes awry, & it forms antibodies to its own tissues, attacking & destroying them. |
| _________ ____________ is when a person gets a strep infection that alters cardiac tissue, and is aggrivated by future strep infections. | Rheumatic fever |
| Livestock are treated w/ _________ to produce immune serums. | antitoxins |
| Certain bacteria are normally present in the body, and are called...? | Normal flora |
| Hospital acquired infections are called...? | nosocomial |
| Indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics allows oppurtunistic pathogens to __________ and develop a resistant ____________. | -mutate-antibody |
| ________ & _________ pts are most susceptable to oppurtunistic infections, i.e. E-coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staph, & Strep. Some example of susceptable pts are those w/ what conditions? | -sick & debilitatedconditions= Ca, DM, kidney disorders, women in labor, burn pts, immune-deficient pts, pts on chemo & steroids |
| UTIs account for _____-_____% of noscomial infections, followed by surgical wounds and URI2. | 30-40% |
| What % of bacteria is presently drug-resistant? | 6.6% |
| What is MRSA? | MRSA= methicillin resistant staphlococcus Aureus= a type of bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics, occur most frequently in pts in hospitals & LTC who have compromised immune systems. (CA MRSA= community acquired MRSA) |
| What is VRE? | VRE= vancomycin resistant Enterococci= enterococci is a bacteria usually found in the female genitals, sometimes cause infection, most occur in hopsitals |
| What is MDR-TB? | MDR-TB= multidrug resistant tuberculosis= a form of TB that is resisatnt to two or more of the primamry drugs used for tx of TB. Resistance can spread from person to person. ***Inadequate or improper tx of TB is a cause of MDR-TB. |
| The main mode of transmission in hospitals of "superbugs" is via...? | the hands of healthcare workers. USE PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION! |
| Precautions include... | "standard precautions," HANDWASHING, gloving, masking, gowning, proper device handling/cleaning, laundry handling |
| True or false? Two pts w/ MRSA can be placed in the same room? | TRUE! While it is ideal to isolate a pt w/ MRSA, they can be placed together w/ another pt w/ MRSA (called COHORTING) |
Created by:
GenevieveSD
Popular Nursing sets