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Janet- Clinical 9
Janet- material for clinical topic 9- on test???????
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Incubation Period: | The incubation period is the interval between the pathogen's invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection. During this stage, the organisms are growing and multiplying. The length of incubation may vary. For example, the common cold ha |
| Prodromal Stage | A person is most infectious during the prodromal stage. Early signs and symptoms of disease are present, but these are often vague and nonspecific, ranging from fatigue and malaise to a low-grade fever. This period lasts from several hours to several days |
| Full Stage of Illness | The presence of specific signs and symptoms indicates the full stage of illness. The type of infection determines the length of the illness and the severity of the manifestations. Symptoms that are limited or occur in only one body area are referred to as |
| Convalescent Period: | The convalescent period is the recovery period from the infection. Convalescence may vary according to the severity of the infection and the patient's general condition. The signs and symptoms disappear, and the person returns to a healthy state. However, |
| Signs and symptoms of local infection | A localized infection can result in redness, swelling, warmth in the involved area, pain or tenderness, and loss of function of the affected part. |
| systematic infection | Systemic Infection: Manifestations of a systemic infection include fever, often accompanied by an increase in pulse and respiratory rate, lethargy, anorexia, and tenderness and enlargement of lymph nodes that drain the area when an infection is present |
| nosocomial | used specifically to indicate something originating or taking place in a hospital. |
| Healthcare agencies have found the following measures to be successful in reducing the incidence of HAI: | 1.Instituting constant surveillance by infection-control committees and nurse epidemiologists. Their work can reduce infections significantly when aggressive control measures are initiated based on their findings. 2. Having written infection-prevention pr |
| Define the links in the chain of infection: Infectious agent | Bacteria, Virus and Fungi |
| Bacteria | the most significant and most commonly observed infection-causing agents in healthcare institutions |
| virus | is the smallest of all microorganisms, visible only with an electron microscope. Many infections are caused by viruses, including the common cold and the deadly disease acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Antibiotics have no effect on viruses; how |
| Fungi | plantlike organisms (molds and yeasts) that also can cause infection, are present in the air, soil, and water. (Some examples of infections caused by fungi include athlete's foot, ring worm, and yeast infections.) |
| Define the links in the chain of infection: Reservoir | for growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism. Possible reservoirs that support organisms pathogenic to humans include other humans, animals, soil, food, water, milk, and inanimate objects |
| Define the links in the chain of infection: Portal of exit | The portal of exit is the point of escape for the organism from the reservoir. In humans, common portals of exit or escape routes include the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, as well as breaks in the skin. Blood and tissue can also |
| Define the links in the chain of infection: Means of transmission | routes: contact route, either directly (such as touching, kissing, or sexual intercourse) or indirectly (personal contact with an inanimate object); Contaminated blood, food, water, or inanimate objects (fomites) are vehicles of transmission. Vectors (mo |
| Define the links in the chain of infection: Portal of entry | the point at which organisms enter a new host. The organism must find a portal of entry to a host or it may die. The entry route into the new host often is the same as the exit route from the prior reservoir. The urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal |
| Define the links in the chain of infection: Susceptible host | Microorganisms can continue to exist only in a source that is acceptable and only if they overcome any resistance mounted by the host's defenses. Susceptibility is the degree of resistance the potential host has to the pathogen. |
| ways to break the chain of infection: Between Infectious agent and Reservoir | Hand hygiene, Sterilization. Antibiotics/antimicrobials |
| ways to break the chain of infection: Between Reservoir and Portal of exit from reservoir | Transmission-based precautions, sterilization or use of disposable supplies |
| ways to break the chain of infection: Between Portal of exit from reservoir and Means of transmission | Dry intact dressing, Hand hygiene, Wear gloves if contact with body fluids, cover nose and mouth when sneezing |
| ways to break the chain of infection: Between Means of transmission and Portals of entry | Hand hygiene, use pesticides to eliminate vectors, Adequate refrigeration |
| increased risk for infection (who?) | Neonates and older adults and Immunosuppressed |
| PPE | Personal protective equipment (PPE) (gloves, gowns, masks, and protective eye gear): |
| PPE should be used when? | Used when dealing with blood/ body fluid/ large-particle aerosols, small-particle droplet nuclei, when there is a risk of contaminating the mucous membranes of the eyes |
| Standard precautions: | precautions used in the care of all hospitalized individuals regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status. These precautions apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat (whether or not blood is present or visible |
| Medical Asepsis | is based on the assumption that pathogens are likely to be present. In a healthcare facility, if a specific pathogen is known to be present, special methods of medical asepsis are used to prevent further spread of the organism. |
| Airborne Precautions | patients /c infections that are airborne (tuberculosis, varicella (chicken pox), and rubeola (measles)); Patient in private room /c negative air pressure in relation to surrounding areas, 6 to 12 air changes per hour, and appropriate discharge of air outs |
| Droplet Precautions | Use these for patients with an infection such as rubella, mumps, diphtheria, and the adenovirus infection in infants and young children.; Use a private room, if available. Door may remain open.; Wear a mask when working within 3 feet of patient.; Transp |
| Contact Precautions | Use these for patients who are infected with such diseases as MRSA, VRE, or VISA.; Place the patient in a private room if available.; Wear gloves whenever you enter the room. Change gloves after having contact with infective material.; Wear a gown if c |
| The psychological implications of infection-control precautions are usually: | great. Sensory deprivation and loss of self-esteem may occur, also possibility of higher incidence of falls, pressure ulcers, and fluid and electrolyte imbalances has been studied. Friends and relatives, as well as healthcare personnel, may be inclined t |
| methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) | a common cause of nosocomial wound and skin infections postoperatively, developed resistance to methicillin, vancomycin became the drug of choice. Once bacteria develop drug resistance, they progress from being sensitive to an antibiotic to intermediate r |
| Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) | another serious pathogen in hospitals. Enterococci, a species of streptococcus often found in normal intestinal and female genital tracts, can cause healthcare-associated infections with a high mortality rate if the organism is vancomycin resistant. Orig |
| Clostridium difficile | A bacterium that is one of the most common causes of infection of the large bowel (colon) |
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Megaroo2222
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