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Life Span
HDEV-Student Edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Overweight in children | 16%-25% of children and adolescents |
| childhood obesity and overweight facts | -has doubled over the past 20yrs -Latin American boys/African American girls are more likely to become obese -more likely to have HTN, high cholesterol level, diabetes, asthma, joint problems, fatty liver disease, gallstones, and acid reflux |
| Overweight in children facts | most obese children become obese adults |
| Cause of overweight in children | heredity, sugary drinks, less healthful foods at schools, lack of exercise, limited access to healthy food, availability of high energy foods, supersizing of foods |
| Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | disorder characterized by excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity |
| Dyslexia | a reading disorder characterized letter reversals, mirror reading, slow reading, and reduced comprehension |
| Piaget's Concrete-Operational Stage | the typical child is entering this stage by age of 7. focused on tangible objects rather than abstract ideas. |
| Moral Realism | the judgment of acts as moral when they conform to authority or to the rules of the game. |
| Objective Morality | the perception of morality as objective, that is, as existing outside the cognitive functioning of people |
| Kohlberg's Levels and Stages of Moral Development | Level I: preconventional Stage-begins in early childhood Level II: Conventional-begins in middle childhood Level III: Postconventional-begins in adolescence |
| Level I: Preconventional Stage | begins in early childhood: Stage 1: Judgment guided by obedience and prospect of punishment: the consequences of the behavior Stage 2: naively egoistic, instrumental orientation; things are right when they satisfy people's needs |
| Level II: Conventional | begins in middle childhood: . stage 3: good-boy; good-girl, orientation Moral behavior helps others and is socially approved. Stage 4: law and order orientation; moral behavior is doing one's duty and showing respect for authority |
| Level III: Postconventional | begins in adolescence Stage5: contractual, legalistic orientation; one must weigh pressing human needs against society's need to maintain social order Stage 6: universal ethical principles orientation; people must follow universal ethical principles a |
| Intelligence | defined by Wechsler as the capacity to understand the world and resourcefulness to cope with its challenges |
| Achievement | the which is attained by one's efforts and presume to be made possible by one's abilities |
| Convergent Thinking | a thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem a child uses this to arrive at the right answer to a multiple-choice question. |
| Divergent Thinking | free and fluent association to the elements of a problem the child associated freely to the elements of the problem. keywords to search on the internet |
| According to Piaget: The stage on morality is when | children who judge right and wrong only in terms of the amount of harm done |
| Childhood obesity is caused by | factors that have not yet been determined |
| Over the past 20 yrs.', the prevalence of obesity amount children has | Increased about 20% |
| ADHD-False Statement and not supported by scientific research | ADHD involves lack of executive control over motor and more primitive function |
| Erikson-Stage of industry versus inferiority | stage of psychosocial development, occurring in middle childhood. mastery of tasks leads to a sense of industry, whereas failure produces feeling of inferiority |
| Self-esteem for girls | tend to have more positive self-concept regarding reading, general academics, and helping others |
| Self-esteem for boys | tend to have a more positive self concept in math, physical ability and physical appearance |
| Children in divorce | are more likely to have conduct disorders, to abuse drugs, and to have poor grades in school |
| Self-fulfilling Prophecy | an event that occurs because of the behavior of those who expect it to occur |
| Sexism | discrimination o bias against people based on their gender |
| Sexual Harassment | unwelcomed verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | an anxiety disorder in which anxiety appears to be present continuously and is unrelated to the situation |
| Phobia | in irrational, excessive fear that interferes with one's functioning |
| Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) | an extreme form of otherwise normal separation anxiety that is characterized by anxiety about separation. Often takes form of refusal to go to school |
| Industry v. Inferiority | Erik Erikson labeled it the life crisis on middle childhood |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Example | Teachers who expect more from student s and often get more |
| Authoritative Parenting | is the type of parenting that contributes to high self-esteem in a child |
| puberty | the biological stage of development characterized by changes that lead to reproductive capacity |
| Primary Sex Characteristics in girls | the structure that make reproduction possible ovaries, vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes |
| Secondary Sex Characteristic | physical indicators of sexual maturation; such as changes to the voice and growth of bodily hair-that do not directly involve reproductive structures |
| Primary Sex Characteristics in boys | the structure that make reproduction possible penis, testes, prostate gland and seminal vesicles |
| Puberty changes in boys | increased testosterone, development and growth of genitalia, pubic hair develops, underarm and facial hair, voice deepens and acne |
| puberty changes in girls | produce estrogen growth of breast, menarche |
| Menarche | the onset of menstruation |
| Accidents | leading cause of death in adolescence |
| Anorexia Nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by irrational fear of weight gain, distorted body image, and severe weight loss |
| Bulimia Nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating and purging as a means of controlling weight gain |
| Jean Piaget's formal operations | the fourth stage this theorist cognitive-developmental theory, characterized by the capacity for flexible, reversible operations concerning abstract ideas and concept, such as symbols, statemtns and theories |
| Imaginary Audience | the belief that others around us are as concerned with our thoughts and behaviors as we are; one aspect of adolescent egocentrism |
| Personal Fable | the belief that our feeling and ideas are special and unique and that we are invulnerable; one aspect of adolescent egocentrism |
| Nocturnal Emissions | wet dreams |
| Stage of formal operation | top level in Jean Piaget's theory |
| hypothetical thinking | adolescents who have reached Piaget's stage of formal operations differ from children who are still at Piaget's stage of concrete operation in that they are capable of_______ |
| Seeking revenge for insults | in terms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Stage 6 moral reasoning is leas likely to be based on______ |
| The personal fable | many adolescents believe that their parents and other adults, even other adolescents, could never instant what they are feeling or the depth of their passion. this way of thinking reflects____ |
| Erikson's 5th stage of psychosocial development | ego identity versus role diffusion |
| Ego identity versus role diffusion | Erikson's 5th life crisis, during which adolescents develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for, or they do not develop a sense of who they are and tend to be subject to the whims of others |
| James Marcia | four identity statuses that represent the four possible combinations of the dimensions of exploration and commitment the Erikson believed were critical to the development of identity |
| Juvenile delinquency | conduct in a child or adolescent characterized by illegal activities |
| Authoritative parenting | adolescents with this type of parents, show the most competent behavior |
| Adolescent suicides are linked to | depression, hopelessness, and low self-esteem |
| Identity achievement | In terms of Marcia's identity statuses, the adolescent who is most developed in term s of identity has the status of ____ |
| Adolescents prefer friends of the other gender | statement is not true about adolescents and their friends |
| Body Mass Index | based on high and weight. |
| Gonorrhea | Clap Drip: transmitted via vaginal, oral, or anal sex. newborns passing through the birth canal of an infected mother. |
| HIV/AIDS | transmitted through vaginal or anal sex. infusion of contaminated blood, mother to baby during childbirth or breast-feeding |
| Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) | can cause cervical cancer; transmitted through sexual contact, contact with infected towels or clothing |
| Pubic Lice | Crabs; transmitted through sexual contact, contact with infested towel, sheet, and toilet seat |
| Sexual harassment | deliberate or repeat unwanted comments, gestures, or physical contact |
| Crystallized intelligence | one's intellectual attainment, as shown, for example, by vocabulary and accumulated knowledge |
| Fluid Intelligence | mental flexibility; the ability to process information rapidly |
| Money | The source of stress most commonly reported by 18 to 32 year olds is____ |
| HPV | The most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States is___ |
| Genital Herpes | cannot be treated successfully with antibiotics |
| Erik Erikson's intimacy versus isolation | life crisis during early adulthood, in which a person develops an intimate relationship with a significant other or risks heading down a path toward social isolation |
| Daniel Levinson | Seasons of Life |
| Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love | intimacy, passion, and commitment |
| monogamy | marriage between one person and one other person |
| polygamy | marriage in which a person has more than one spouse and is permitted sexual access to each of them |
| gay marriage | marriage between two males or two females |
| isolation | according to Erik Erikson, the life crisis of early adulthood is intimacy versus ____ |
| monogamy | in the practice of serial ____, a single person has consecutive exclusive sexual relationships. |
| Jealousy | according to Sternberg's Theory of love, love can have all of the following components except____ |
| presbyopia | loss of elasticity in the eye lens that makes it harder to focus on nearby objects |
| cancer and heart disease | leading cause of death in middle adulthood |
| menopause | the cessation of menstruation |
| perimenopause | the beginning of menopause, usually characterized by 3 to 11 months of amenorrhea or irregular periods |
| climacteric | the gradual decline in reproductive capacity of the ovaries, generally lasting about 15 years |
| sexual dysfunction | a persistent or recurrent problem in becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm |
| plasticity | the fact that intellectual abilities are not absolutely fixed but can be modified |
| smoking | is a risk factor for heart disease that can be controllable |
| stress | suppresses the immune system |
| Erik Erikson's Generativity versus Stagnation | Theory for Middle Adulthood; the life crisis is the dichotomy between Generativity and stagnation |
| midlife crisis | a time of dramatic self-doubt and anxiety during which people sense the passing of their youth and become concerned with their own aging and mortality |
| Midlife Transition | Daniel Levison's Seasons a psychological shift into middle adulthood that is theorized to occur between the ages of 40 and 45 as people begin to believe they have more to look back upon than forward to |
| Empty nest Syndrome | a feeling of loneliness or loss of purpose that parents, and especially the mother, are theorized to experience when the youngest child leaves home |
| The Big Five | extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience |
| Sandwich Generation | the term given to middle-aged people who need to meet the demands of their own children and of aging parents |
| stagnation | according to Erik Erikson, the life crisis of middle adulthood is generative versus_____ |
| research into Levinson's concept of the Midlife Crisis has found that | there may not be such a thins as a midlife crisis as he envisioned it |
| all of the following are factor in the "big five" personality model except | intelligence |
| life span (longevity) | the maximum amount of time a person can live under optimal conditions |
| life expectancy | the amount of time a person can actually be expected to live in a given setting |
| ageism | prejudice against people because of their age |
| cataract | a condition characterized by clouding of the lend of the eye |
| glaucoma | a condition involving abnormally high fluid pressure in the eye |
| osteoporosis | a disorder in which bones become more porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, due to loss of calcium and other minerals |
| sleep apnea | temporary suspension of breathing while asleep |
| heart disease | leading cause of death in men and woman over 65 |
| arthritis | inflammation of the joints |
| osteoarthritis | a painful degenerative disease characterized by wear and tear on joints |
| rheumatoid arthritis | painful, degenerative disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the membranes that line the joints |
| dementia | a condition characterized by deterioration of cognitive functioning |
| Alzheimer's Disease | severe form of dementia characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability, and progressive loss of cognitive functioning |
| explicit memory | memory specific information, including autobiographical information, such as what you had for breakfast, and general knowledge, such as state capitals |
| implicit memory | automatic memories based on repetition and apparently not requiring any conscious effort to retrieve |
| implicit | older adults tend to do about as well as younger adults in performing cognitive tasks that measure ___memory |
| Erik Erikson's ego integrity versus despair | eighth or final stage of life in late adulthood |
| ego integrity versus despair | Defined by maintenance of the belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile despite physical decline and the inevitability of death versus depression and hopelessness |
| life review | looking back on the events of one's life in late adulthood, often in an effort to construct a meaningful narrative normal aspect of aging |
| panic disorder | recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually evoke anxiety |
| agoraphobia | fear of open, crowded places |
| elder abuse | the abuse or neglect of senior citizens, particularly in nursing homes |
| socioemotional selectivity theory | proposes that people place more emphasis on emotional experience as they age |
| as couples reach their 60s | intimacy tends to increase in importance |
| death | the irreversible cessation of vital life functions |
| dying | the end stage of life in which bodily processes decline, leading to death |
| stages of dying | denial, anger, bargaining, depression, final acceptance |
| hospice | an organization that treats dying patients by focusing on palliative care rather than curative treatment |
| palliative care | treatment focused on the relief of pain and suffering than cure |
| euthanasia | the purposeful taking of life and to relieve suffering |
| active euthanasia | the administration of a lethal treatment to cause a quick and painless death -death penalty |
| voluntary active euthanasia | the intentional administration of lethal drugs or other means of producing a painless death with the person's informed consent -physician assisted death |
| involuntary active euthanasia | the intentional administration of lethal drugs or other means of producing a painless death without the person's informed consent -administration of morphine |
| passive euthanasia | withholding or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment to hasten death -withdrawal of feeding tubes |
| living will | document prepared when a person is well, directing medical care providers to terminate life sustaining treatment in the event he or she becomes incapacitated and unable to speak |
| organ donation | transplant surgery after death keeps a part of you alive while helping someone else in need |
| bereavement | the state of deprivation brought about by the death of a family member or close friend |
| grief | emotional suffering resulting from a death |
| mourning | customary methods of expressing grief |
| vegetative | Medical opinion asserted that Terri Schiavo's state was persistently ___ as she lay sustained by a feeding tube |
| palliative care | hospice would provide __ __ |
| final acceptance | final stage in Kubler-Ross's stage of dying |
| Kubler-Ross researched | terminally ill patients |
| passive euthanasia | actions that hasten death by means of withholding potentially life saving treatment |
| hospice patients | in the greatest number die at home or private residence |
| children perception of death | is that death can be reversible |
| bereavement | emotional state of longing and deprivation that is characterized by a deep sense of loss |
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