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7.1 EXAM
INTEGUMENTARY, SKELETAL, MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Integumentary system | composed of skin, hair, skin glands, and nails. |
| function | -thermoreregulation -protection -cutaneous sensation -excretion/absorption -blood reservoir -synthesis of Vitamin D |
| 1)skin/cutaneous membrane 2)types | -largest organ -thin skin (thinner stratum corneum) -thick skin (thick stratum corneum) highly keratinized |
| 2 principle parts | epidermis- superficial, thinner portion (epithelial tissue) dermis- deeper, thicker (connective tissue |
| epidermis | no bleeding, |
| dermis | bleeding, |
| 4 tissue types | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissue |
| thermoregulation effectors | -Integument(skin) -releasing sweat -Circulatory -redirect blood flow to/ from skin -Muscular -shivering |
| Osteomalacia | lack of Vitamin D |
| Layers of skin | Epidermis- epithelial Dermis- papillary region (dense irr. conn. tissue Subcutaneous(hypodermis)- addipose conn. tissue larger blood vessels, not part of skin |
| Skin cell types | Keratinocytes- protection, waterproof, 90% Merkel cells(tactic cell)- communication sensory Melanocytes-Melanin pigments, pro\tect against UV damage Langerhans cells- immune defense, eats dead cells |
| keratin | family of fibrous structural proteins. outer layer of human skin as well as hair and nails. |
| Layers of cells | Can- stratum corneum Lucy- stratum lucidum Grow- stratum granulosum Some- stratum spinosum Beans- stratum basale |
| stratum corneum | -outermost layer, keratinized squamous -waterproof abrasion-resistant covering |
| stratum lucidum | -layers of clear cells -thick skin only -dead keratnocytes near the surface |
| stratum granulosum | -3-5 layers thick -contains granules that REPEL WATER |
| stratum spinosum | -layers of irr. shaped cells -langerhans cells abundant, melanin granules |
| stratum basale/germanitivum | -deepest layer -single layer of columnar cells on the basal lamina -proliferate and provide cells for the other layers -dark melanin granules can be seen |
| Regions in the Dermis | Papillary region- top fifth of the dermis, more in females, AREOLAR conn. tissue Reticular region- bottom four-fifths of the dermis, dense IRR. CONN. TISSUE and numerous structures. |
| Dermis contains.. | fibroblasts, macrophages, adipose, nerve fibers, temp receptors, blood/lymph vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands |
| Papillary Region | loose conn. elastic fibers, aerolar tissue functions- epidermal anchor, fine blood supply receptors for sensation (FINGERPRINTS) |
| Reticular region | dense irr. conn. tissue, collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels and nerves, receptors for temp (STRETCH MARKS!) |
| Cutaneous membrane is | Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis |
| Skin is | epidermis and dermis |
| albinism- | absence of melanin, autosomal recessive |
| hair | -prevents heat loss -protection |
| Big to small: CCM | Cuticle, Cortex, Medulla |
| skin colors | melanin- yellow,red, brown, black pigment carotene- yellow to orange pigment hemoglobin- reddish pigment melanocytes- found in the stratum basale |
| Skin derivatives | hair glands -sebaceous/ oil -sudoriferous/ sweat nails |
| hair | prevents heat loss protection |
| Glands of the skin | -sebaceous (oil) glands -sudiferous (sweat glands) eccrine- *most of body apocrine- *armpit/axillary, perineal regions -ceruminous (wax) glands *only in ear canal -mammary (milk) glands *only in breasts |
| sebaceous glands- oil/sebum | water retention bacterial inhibition |
| sudoriferous glands- eccrine&appocrine | eccrine- sweat, temp regulation appocrine- axillary sweat, puberty, no thermoregulation role! |
| Nail | -Nail body -Nail root -Nail matrix- mitosis occurs |
| burns | 1st degree- involves epidermis 2nd degree- damages epidermis + papillary dermis 3rd degree- full thickness burn, replaced entirely by scar tissue 4th burns- loss of functional tissues such as tendons, ligaments, muscle |
| epidermal wound healing | no scar |
| deep wound healing- 4 phases | -Inflammatory phase -Migratory phase -Proliferative phase -Maturation phase |
| wound repair | parenchyma- functioning epithelium stroma- underlying connective tissue granulation- formation of blood vessels and connective base leading to deep wound healing fibrosis- scar formation keloid- raised, hypertrophied scar |
| scar formation | hypertrophic scar- remains within boundaries of original wound keloid scar- extends into normal tissue |
| Skeletal system | provides framework for the body and protects body organs |
| bone | connective tissue |
| Functions of the bone | 1)support 2)protection 4)movement 4)mineral homeostasis 5)blood cell production 6)triglyceride storage |
| Structure of bone | Diaphysis- shaft (medullary cavity, yellow marrow) Epiphyses- Distal & proximal ends Metaphyses- where the diaphyses joins the epiphyses Articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage on joint |
| Epiphyses (top and bottom of bone) | -articular cartilage -red bone marrow -spongy bone |
| Metaphyses (mature bone b/w epiphyses and diaphysis) | -Epiphyseal plate- hyaline cartilage that allows to grow in length -Epiphyseal line- completed growth |
| 3 types of cartilage | 1)hyaline- white, contains some collagen fibers 2)fibrocartilage- stronger, thicker collagen 3)elastic- most flexible |
| Structure of bone | Periosteum- dense irr. conn. tissue (no articular cartilage) around the bone Medullary cavity- bone marrow Endosteum- Membrane lining the medullary cavity |
| Bone cells | Osteogenic- turns to osteoblast then osteocyte Osteoblasts- forms matrix Osteocytes- maintains tissue Osteoclasts- reabsorption |
| Compact bone tissue | Osteon |
| Spongy bone | -no osteons -spaces filled w/ red marrow -located at flat bones, long bones ends |
| Osteogenesis- bone formation | Intramembranous ossification- directly within the mesenchyme Endochondral ossification- within hyaline cartilage |
| Factors affecting bone growth | -Nutrition -Sufficient levels of specific hormones -Calcium homeostasis *Parathyroid hormone *calcitonin |
| Remodeling | -Continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress |
| Common Fractures | -Compound/open -Comminuted (3+ pieces fragments) -Greenstick (twig braking, incomplete breakage) -Impacted |
| Repair of a fracture | 1)Formation of fracture hematoma 2)Formation of fibrocartilagenous callus 3)Formation of bony callus 4)Bone remodeling |
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