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Immunology
Stack #156064
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which kinds of white blood cells are considered leukocytes | neutrophils,eosinophils, and basophils |
| Which type of white blood cells develop into macrophages | monocytes |
| What are the main defensive actions of leukocytes | self vs non self recognition, destruction of invaders, cell debris, or abnormal cells, produce antibodies, activate complement, produce hormones |
| What are mature neutrophils called | Segs or polys |
| What are immature neutrophils called | bands or stabs |
| What is the function of neutrophil | first internal line of defense b/c granules inside cause phagocytic destruction of invaders |
| Name the 7 steps of phagosytosis | Exposure/Invasion, Attraction, Adherence,Recognition,Cellular ingestion, phagosome formation, and Degradation |
| Chemotaxins are released by damaged tissue to attract neutrophils to site in which step of phagocytosis | Attraction |
| invader becomes coated with oppsonins in which step of phagocytosis | Adherence |
| The invader is identified as self or not self in which step of phagocytosis | Recognition |
| What happens during the cellular ingestion phase of phagocytosis | invader is engulfed, now called vacuole |
| Granules enter the vacuole during which step of phagocytosis | phagosome formation |
| When granules brak and release enzymes to cause destruction of invader it is called: | degradation |
| A left shift in a client's neutrophils are an indicator of: | infection that has overwhelmed neutrophils |
| Describe function of eosinophils | granules contain different substances that may: produce inflammatory reaction, control or moderate extent of inflammatory process |
| This white blood cell will cause the obvious signs and symptoms of inflammation | Basophils |
| The basophil may contain which substances in it's granules | heparin,histamine, kinins, and seratonin |
| What are the functions of a macrophage | immediate inflammatory response,stimulate longer lasting immune response, phagocytosis, repair of injured tissue, antigen proccessing, recognition, secrete cytokines |
| Define antigen | proteins capable of stimulating an immune response |
| What are the benefits of inflammation as an immune response | immediate protection, non specific, help stimulate AMI and CMI |
| What are the five cardinal mainfestations of inflammation: | warmth, redness, swelling, pain, decreased function |
| What occurs during Stage I of inflammation | Phase I immediate constriction of arterioles and venuoles(lasts seconds), phase II- hyperemia, vasoactive chemicals secreted, increased capillary permeability, and cytokines released |
| What is the function of a cytokine | hormone that stimulates inflammatory response and speeds maturation of neutrophils |
| In this stage of inflammation neutrophils attack and destroy foreign invaders, remove dead tissue and form exudate | Stage II |
| Describe Stage III of the inflammation process. | Leukocytes start repair and replacement of lost or damaged tissue and stimulate new blood vessel growth and scar tissue formation |
| What is the function of a corticosteroid | supress inflammatory response and alter normal immune response |
| What are some adverse reactions that can occur with the use of corticosteroids | elevated blood glucose, cataracts, hypertension, convulsions, peptic ulcers, etc. |
| What is antibody mediated immunity | antibody-antigen actions neutralize,eliminate or destroy foreign proteins |
| Which cells play the most direct role in AMI | B lymphocytes |
| In this type of immunity the B lymphocytes become sensitized to a specific foreign protein and synthesize an antibody directed against that protein | AMI |
| What cells assist the B lymphocyte in AMI | macrophages and T lymphocytes |
| List the seven steps of antibody/antigen interactions | exposure and invasion, antigen recognition,lymphocyte sensitization,antibody production and release, antigen-antibody binding, antigen-antibody binding reactions, and sustained immunity-memory |
| Macrophages and T lymphocytes process antigen and bring it into contact with B lymphocytes during what step of antigen-antibody interaction | Antigen recognition |
| This step in antigen-antibody interaction involves the B lymphocyte dividing to form plamsa cells and memory cells | Lymphocyte sensitization |
| A plasma cell produces and releases antibodies during this step of the antigen-antibody interation | Antibody production and release |
| What are the antibody binding reactions that can occur | agglutination, precipitation,lysis,complement fixation,and inactivation/neutralization |
| How is sustained immunity-memory achieved | memory cells remain sensitized to specific antigen and are stimulated to rapid response if re-exposure occurs |
| This antibody provides sustained immunity against viral and bacterial infection | IgG |
| This antibody is present in body secretions | IgA |
| This antibody clears antigens through precipitation, mediates autoimmune response, and ABO incompatabilities | IgM |
| This antibody causes the degranulation of basophils and mast cells during inflammatory response, clears parasites, prevents pulmonary infections, and mediates many allergic responses | IgE |
| This antibody assists in modification of IgM activity | IgD |
| What is innate immunity | protection that you are born with, not an adaptive response to exposure |
| When a person becomes exposed to illness and becomes sick, ie chicken pox what type of immunity takes place | Natural Active Immunity |
| A child is given the vaccine for polio. What type of immunity is occuring. | Artificial Active Immunity |
| A mother passes antibodies to her infant via breastmilk. What type of immunity is occuring? | Natural Passive Immunity |
| A pregnant women is given an shot containing antibodies to prevent complications from a blood type difference of the fetus. What type of immunity is occuring? | Artificial Passive Immunity |
| This type of immunity can influence and regulate AMI and inflammation by producing and releasing ctyokines | CMI |
| What components of the immune system are involved in CMI | Helper/Inducer T cells, Supressor T cells, Cytotoxic-cytolytic T cells, Natural Killer Cells, and Cytokines |
| What is the funtion of T4 cells in CMI | recognize self vs. nonself, secrete lymphokines to regulate other lypmhocyte activity and act as organizer in "calling to arms" various squads of leukocytes |
| What is the function of the T8 cell in CMI | prevent continuous overreaction or hypersensitivity reactions with exposure to nonself cells or proteins |
| What is the T4-T8 ratio normally | 2:1 |
| If the T4-T8 ratio was 2:6 what would this tell you about the client's immune system | supressed |
| What is the function of a TC cell | lyse cells that contain a processed antigen and recognize and destroy parasite infected self cells |
| This cell has direct cytotoxic-cytolytic effects on target non self cell without going through sensitization to antigens and is most effective in destroying abnormal self cells | natural killer cells |
| Which cells are responsible for the rejection of a transplant or graft? | Natural killer cells and TC cells |
| Describe a hyperacute rejection | occurs immediately, antibody mediated, irreversible |
| This type of rejection occurs within 1 week to 3 months post transplant. It is antibody mediated causing vasculitis, and natural killer cells and Tc cells begin lysis of organ cells | Acute |
| This type of rejection occurs with a transplant over time causing scarring and fibrosis | Chronic |
| What are some common immunosupressants? | Azathiprion(Imuran),cyclosporine(Sandimmune), Basiliximab(Simulect) |
| What are some adverse reactions that can occur with immunosupressants | ulcers,edema,increased blood glucose,N/V, fever,chills,renal impairment,infection |
| bronchospasm, wheezing, and rhinorrhea are examples of which type of hypersensitivity reaction | Type I |
| this type of hypersensitivity is rapid(anaphylaxis), occurs on re-exposure to allergen, is an IgE overreaction | Type I |
| Describe the what is occurring in a type II/cytotoxic reation | IgG overreaction, auto antibodes against self cells form antigen-antibody complexes, self cells are destroyed by phagocytosis or complement mediated lysis |
| Autoimmune hemolytic anemia,myasthenia gravis, hemolytic transfusion reactions are all examples of what type of hypersensitivity | Type II/cytotoxic |
| Immune complex antigen and antibody deposit in walls of blood vessels and result in release of complement and inflammation, soluble immune complexes form with antigen excess in this type of hypersensitivity | Type III/immune complex mediated reactions |
| SLE,serum sickness and RA are examples of this type of hypersensitivity | Type III/ immune complex mediated reactions |
| Delayed hypersensitivity reactions/Type IV reactions occur hours or days after exposure and occur by what mechanisms | reaction by sensitized T cell with antigen and release of lymphokines to activate macrophages and induce inflammation; lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate |
| poison ivy,local reaction to insect stings and positive PPD are examples of this type of hypersensitivity | Type IV |
| Autoantibodies react with the normal cell receptors stimulating a continual overreaction of the target cell in which type of hypersensitivity reaction | Type V |
| Graves' disease is an example of which type of hypersensitivity | Type V |
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kitsmommy
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