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Unit 1
MGCCC Level 2 Nosocomial Infections dw
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Nosomial Infection? | Infections that occur while in a health care setting |
| Besides the obvious, what other negatives are causes by nosomial infections? | increases hospital stay, cost of health care, morbidity, mortality |
| How can a nurse control and prevent infections? | HAND WASHING! Educating patients, proper barrier precautions, aseptic care w/ invasive procedures |
| Why so many infections in the hospital? | All the sick people(availability of microorganisms) Pt's health(poor nutrition,invasive procedures,non-intact skin,compromised imune system)Antibiodic resistant organisms develped in hospital |
| Factors affecting an Organism's Potential to Produce Disease: | # of Organisms, Virulence(Power to produce Disease), Competence of persons'immune system, Length of time of contact b/person and microorganism |
| Chain of Infection: (6) | Infectious Agent->Resevoir->Portal of Exit->Mode of Transmission->Portal of Entry->Susceptable Host |
| What is an infectious Agent? | bacteria(most prevalent), Viruses, Rickettsiae, Fungi, Parasites |
| The resevoir (where the pathogen lives)can be what? | Endogenous or Exogenous |
| If the pathogen resevoir is other humans, animals,soil, water,or equipment; it is said to be what? | Exogenous ex=out of the body |
| Where would an endogenous pathogen's resevoir be? | Lives and multiplies on the skin of host, lives and multiplies on the mucousal surface of the host endo= in the body |
| How does the pathogen exit from resevoir? | Respitory secretions, gastrointestinal secretions, genitourinary tracts, skin or mucous membrane lesions, placenta, blood |
| What are the methods of transmissions? | Direct Contact, Indirect contact, Fomites (inanimate objects,snotty tissue,dirty table), Ingestion, droplet/airborne, vector(mosquito) |
| How can the Pathogen enter a host?(Portal of Entry) | Non-intact skin, Mucous membranes, Respitory, Gastrointestinals(uncooked foods)Genitourinal Tract(catheter) |
| Who could be a susceptible host? | Those with: compromised physical barriers(burns,open wounds, surgical pts) Compromised respitory system, compromised immune systems |
| How can you break the INFECTIONS AGENT link in chain of infection? | Rapid identification of organisms, and accurate identification of organisms |
| how can you break the RESERVOIRS' link in chain of infection? | employee health, environmental sanitation, disinfection, sterilization |
| how can you break the PORTAL OF EXIT's link in chain of infection? | Hand Hygiene, control of excretions and secretions, trash and waste disposal |
| How do you break the MEANS OF TRANSMISSION's link in the chain of infection? | Hand hygiene, sterilization, standard precautions, airflow control, food handling, isolation |
| How can you break the PORTAL OF ENTRY's link in the chain of infection? | Aseptic technique, catheter care, wound care |
| How can you break the suseptible host's link in chain of infection? | Treatment of underlying diseases, recognittion of high-risk pts, providing immunizations |
| What is colonization? | describes microorganisms present without host inerference or interaction |
| What is infection? | Indicates host interaction with the organism |
| What is disease? | The infected host displays a decline in wellness due to the infection |
| What are the stages of infection?(4) | 1)Initial/Incubation=growing and multiplying2)Prodromal=most infectious 3)Actute/SICK specific s/s of illness present 4Convalescent period-body recovering from infection |
| in which statge is the patient most contagious? | Prodromal |
| What is the body's defense against infection? | Body's normal Flora, Inflamatory response, immune response |
| How do we use collaborative care when working with nosocomial infections? | Identify the organ system affected. identify the causative agent, acheive a cure (least toxic,least expensive, most effective) |
| What are some of the most common diagnostic tests for infections? | CBC w/diff, Cultures, antibiotic peak and trough levels. |
| When are isolation precautions used? | When there is a known infectious disease spread by airborne, droplet, or contact routes. |
| what are isolation precautions? | Guidelines used to prevent the transmission of microogransims in hospitals. PRIMARY strategy for preventing hospital Acquired infections |
| When are standard precations used? | For ALL patients |
| What are standard precations? | Guidlines for handling blood and other body fluids. EX:hand hygeine |
| Isolation techniques/transmission based precautions; What do you need to consider? | Reservoir or source of the microorganism, Mode of transmission, Susceptibility of hospital staff and other clients |
| What are Category specific isolation precautions? | How the hospital identifies diffirent precautions. Airborne, Droplet, and Contact. |
| What diseases would fall under the Airborne Precations catergory? | Pumonary TB, Chickenpox(also with Contact Precations), Measles, Respitory Infections, Small Pox |
| What are some precautions to consider while using airborne precautions? | Negative Air pressure rooms, Door remains closed, Protective mask |
| What diseases would you use droplet precautions for? | Meningitis, Pertusis, Influenza, Mumps, Rubella, Pneumonic Plague |
| What are some precations to take when using Droplet Precautions? | Protective mask, Door may remain open |
| What diseases fall under Droplet Precautions? | Acute diarrhea, Chicken Pox, Respitory synctial Virus(RSV), Skin Wounds, UTI w/multi drug resistant organisms, Staph infections |
| Precautions taken when using contact Precations | use of barriers for organisns, Private rooms, Encourage hand washing, Doors do NOT need to be closed, masks are NOT needed |
| What is an antibiotic-resistant microorganism? | They are a result of prolonged antibiotic therapy. and may be a result to inappropriate use of antibiotic therapy. |
| What are some examples of Antibiotic-resistant Micro-organisms? | MRSA, Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), Penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP),VRE, VISA |
| How can we prevent health care associated bloodstream infections? | Standard precations,Disinfecting skin prior to any invasive procedure, Sterile/surgical technique w/central catheters, apply dressing w/aseptic technique, |
| What are some Biological Threat Infections? | Anthrax, Smallpox, Botulism, Pneumonic plague, viral hemorrhagic fevers |
| Why are older adults at more of a risk for the Infections process? | Physiological changes (Body is not working like it used to) Decreased activity level, Poor nutrition, chronic illness, prolonged med use, lack of immunizations, altered mental status and dementia, invasive devices. |
| Which antimicrobial inhibits the growth of microogranisms, leaving it destruction to the host's own immune system? | Bacteriostatic |
| What does a bactericidal do? | It is capable of killing the organism w/out immune system intervention |
| How do antimicrobials work? | Impair cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, alter cell membrane permeablity, inhibit cell metabolism and growth |
| How are Antimicrobials classified?(4) | Antibacterial/antibiotic, Antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic |
| What do antibiotics treat? | Bacterial infections |
| What is the nursing care of the infected patient? | Prevention, Health Promotion |
| what is patient/family education with infections diseases directed toward? | Helping the pt recover from the infection, Preventing the spread of the infection, preventing life-threatening complications |
| What are some examples of educational patient/family needs? | Hand washing,Take all prescribed antibiotics, report all adverse side effects |
| What would be some Nursing Diagnosis? | Risk of Infection, Anxiety, Hyperthermia |
| What is immunity? | The body's specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism |
| What are some factors that affect the Immune System? | CNS integrity, Emotional status, Medications, stress of illness, trauma, Surgery |
| What are some variable that affect immune system function? | age and gender, Nutrition, allergies, immunizations, genetic factors, lifestyle, |
| What can the nurse do to help the patient? | Monitor lab values, promote good nutrition, address anxiety, stress, and coping, strategies to reduce risk of infection |
| What are some ex of opportunistic infections common w/ HIV | TB, Candidiasis, Secondary cancee |
| What are the goals of hiv patients | Early idenitfication, promoting health maintenance activities, preventing opportunistic infections, treatment of complications, emotional/pshchosocial support |
| How is Diphtheria spread? | By droplets |
| Is Diphtheria a reportable disease? | yes |
| What is Pertusis? | AKA whooping cough, it is a contagious upper respitory infection. there is an immunization against it. and it is a reportable disease |
| How is Pertusis spread? | By Respitory Droplets |
| What does TB involve? | lungs and other organs |
| How is TB transmitted? | Airborne |
| Who is at greatest risk for TB? | Those with: Low income/decreased health care, alcoholics, drug users, patients/staff of long term facitities |
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