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Neuro 2
Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| uncontrolled discharge of neurons of cerebral cortex that interferes with normal function | seizures |
| ___ s/s: involuntary repetitive movement, strange sensations and perceptions, confusion, and < LOC | seizures |
| ____ or ____ seizures | provoked or nonprovoked |
| seizure that involves only part of the brain | partial seizure |
| consciouseness is not impaired, Jacksonian march; spreads systematically, limited to one body part | simple seizure |
| sensory and somatic s/s including tingling, numbness, visual, auditory, olfactory or taste, "dizzy spells" | simple partial seizure |
| imparied consciuosness, begins as simple partial and progresses to impairment or consciousness at onset, involves automatic behaviors w/out consious knowledge; repetitive, semi-purposeful, patterned movements; may inclucde antisocial/aggressive behavior | complex partial seizure |
| may spread from original discharge site to other parts of brain and become generalized sz preceded by specific aura is partial sz that becomes generalized | secondary generalized partial seizure |
| Sz involving whole brain at onset | generalized sz |
| petit mal--staring spell; usually lasts <15 seconds; during which the pt is unaware of surrounding--usually present in children | absence-simple sz (petit mal) |
| dx of absence-simple sz | 3 sec spike on EEG |
| staring spell accompanied by nyoclonic jerk of one or more muscle groups and automatisms (chewing, smacking) | absence-atypical sz |
| dx of absence atypical sz | atypical wave on EEG |
| single jerk or one of more muscle groups; last only seconds | myoclonic sz |
| drop attack; sometimes associated with myoclonic | atonic sz |
| jerking of muscle groups | clonic sz |
| stiffening of muscle groups | tonic sz |
| grand mal; starts with tonic followed by clonic movement, inconsciousness, possible bowel and bladder incontinence, may have only tonic or only clonic; may bite tongue; reduced consciousness during postictal recovery | tonic clonic sz---grand mal |
| usually generalized; usually does not recur as long as underling cause remains corrected | metabolic or toxin induced sz |
| what are 4 risk factors of sz | brain tumors, fam hx, head injury, and neurological factors |
| continuing or immediatly reoccuring sz, recovery b/t attacks incomplete, usually last 30 minutes or more | status epilepticus |
| what are a few important tx of sz | protect pt head, maintain airway,do not force hard objects b/t teeth and do not restrain...turn to side |
| syndrome of intellectual deterioration severe enough to interfere with occupational or social performance | dementias |
| may involve px with memory, language, perception, motor skills, ability to learn, px solving, abstract thinking, and judgment | dementias |
| chronic, progressive cerebral degeneration | alzheimer's |
| occurs most often after age 65 with an unknown cause | alzheimer's |
| plaques, pathological changes, and neurological tangles occur in the brain and within the plaque there are dying nerves | alzheimer's |
| # of functioning neurons is <, which accounts for the decline in cognition, memory, and thought | alzheimer's |
| best way to dx alzheimer's is a ____ | PET (positron emission tomography) |
| what are some tx and helpful tips to slow down alzheimer's | antioxidants (vit E), memory aids, fam support, speak slowly, COLOR RED, simple one step instructions |
| a rare disease involving atrophy of the frontal and temporal areas | Pick's Disease |
| the neurons in the affected areas contain cytoplasmic inclusions-pick bodies | Pick's Disease |
| cytoplasmic inclusions | pick bodies |
| is more common in women with the average onset being the young age of 38 and death occurs within 2-10 years do to infection | Pick's disease |
| ___ s/s: behavioral changes, memory deficits, absence of care and concern, loss of initiative, echolalia, hypotonia, incontinence | Pick's disease |
| caused by a prion and is the human version of mad cow disease | Crutzfeldt-Jacob disease |
| resistant to chemical and medical tx for sterilization and require special surgical suites (one in US at emory) | Crutzfeldt-jacob disease |
| can be dormant for up to 40 years, but when activated has a rapid progression | Crutzfeldt-jacob disease |
| what are 5 dementia diseases? | alzheimer's....pick's disease....cruztfeld-jacob disease....wernicke-korsakoff syndrome....huntington's disease |
| death occurs within months with s/s: extreme dementia, insomnia, ataxia | Crutzfeldt-jacob disease |
| results from chronic alcholism and caused by B1 def (thiamine) | wernicke-korsakoff syndrome |
| ____ s/s: acute weakness, hallucinations, confusion, anger, etc | wernicke-korsakoff syndrome |
| rare hereditary disorder-autosomal dominant | huntington's disease |
| wernicke-korsakoff syndrome caused from ____ def | B1 Thiamine |
| Huntington's disease is caused by hereditary disorder _______ | autosomal dominant |
| chronic progressive chorea, psychological changes, and dementia...usually onset around 40-50 yrs | huntington's disease |
| huntington's disease is hte mutation of chromosome ___ | 4 |
| ___ s/s: depression and personality changes are seen early...memory loss, impulsive behaviors, emotional outburst, loss of spontaneity, fidgety, restlessness, dyskinesia | Huntington's disease |
| progressive gradual neurological degeneration disorder of the brain | Parkinson's disease |
| occurs more often b/t 50-60 and the cause is unknown | Parkinson's disease |
| neurons in the substanitia nigra and corpus straiatum in the midbrain degenerate and storage of dopamine | Parkinson's disease |
| Dopamine levels decrease, acetycholine increases leading to muscle excitation | Parkinson's disease |
| ___ s/s: pill rolling, tremors, mask-like face, drooling, unsteady shuffling gait, everything is delayed (slowmovement: bradykinesia | Parkinson's disease |
| increase in CSF volume of any part of the ventricular system | hydrocephalus |
| ____ and ___ are types of hydrocephalus | noncommunicating and communicating |
| obstruction in the ventricular system preventing the CSF from reaching the arachnoid villi; causes: congenital malformations, tumors, inflammation, hemorrhage | noncommunicating hydrocephalus |
| from impaired reabsorption of CSF into the venous system | communicating hydrocephalus |
| dilation of the ventricular system and a compensatory increase in CSF volume secondary to a loss of brain tissue | hydrocephalus ex vacuo |
| acute onset looks like IICP | hydrocephalus |
| hydrocephalus classic sign in babies is ___ | bulging fontanels |
| degenerative disease of the upper and lower motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord that results in total paralysis | amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)...Lou Gehrig's disease |
| Amyotropic lateral sclerosis is aka ___ | Lou Gehrig's disease |
| cause is unknown (may be autoimmune) and it occurs b/t 40-50 yrs and is more common in men...usually fatal in 3-5 years | amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)...Lou Gehrig's disease |
| most common type of spinal cord injury | cervical (neck) injury |
| ____ drive voluntary motor movement; originates in the cerebral cortex and end at the anterior horn cell of the cord; damage in paralysis | Upper motor neuron (UMN) |
| begins at the anterior horn cell; becomes part of the perp. nerve to the muscle, motor side of reflex arc; results in areflexia and flaccid paralysis | Lower motor neuron (LMN) |
| what are 6 types of spinal cord injury? | fx (most common), dislocation, subluxation, compression, concussion, transection, overstretching |
| loss of reflex activity below the level of injury; cord is not severed------see hypotension and braycardia and can last 2 days to several months | spinal shock |
| erection without stimulation; early sign of spinal shock resolution | bulbocavernous reflex |
| a life-threatening involuntary sympathetic response to a noxious stimuli and occurs AFTER spinal shock is resolved | autonomic dysreflexia |
| seen in injuries above T6 | autonomic dysreflexia |
| common triggers of autonomic dysreflexia | bladder and bowel distention |
| ___ s/s: sweating above injury, pale below injury, > BP, HA | autonomic dysreflexia |
| subjective feeling in which individual's response to noxious stimuli on the sensory nerve endings | pain |
| componets of pain (5) | affective (emotional), behavior, cognitive(beliefs and attitiudes), sensory, and physiological |
| degree of pain an individual can withstand | pain tolerance |
| the point of pain recognition; varies from person to person | pain threshold |
| ____ carried by A-delta fibers | fast pain |
| myelinated fibers that carry SHARP, well localized pain | fast a-delta fiber pain |
| __ carried by C-fibers | slow pain |
| unmyelinated fibers that carry DULL, burning, aching diffuse sensations | slow c-fiber pain |
| pain duration 6 months or less and usually sudden onset in a localized area; physiological response | acute pain |
| pain duration > 8 months; can be indefinite; poorly localized and no physiological response | chronic pain |
| pain with psy response of fear and anxiety | acute |
| fear with psy response of depression | chronic |
| pain perceived at a site different from the origin | referred pain |
| pain that exists in a removed body part | phantom pain |
| chronically progressing pain that is unrelenting and severely debilitating | intractable pain |
| process of how pain is recognized consciously and can be considered conceptually | nociception |
| conversion of a stimulus to an action potential at the site of tissue injury | transduction |
| the neuronal action potential is transmitted to and through the CNS so that it can be perceived | transmission |
| theoretical gates in the dorsal horn | gate control theory |
| pain perception and the experience of pain occurs in the ___ and may occur in the basic level of the ____ | cortex...thalamus |
| inhibition of nociception | modulation |
| efferent fibers descending from the brain stem alter pain | modulation |
| what are 2 types of modulation | endogenous opiods, endogenous analgesia center |
| endogenous opioids | natural morphine like substance |
| many analgesics modulate pain by mimicking ___ | endogenous neuromodulator |
| extremely common, affect women more, and affects daily fucntioning...may be autosomal dominant | migraine headaches |
| 2 main categories of migraine headaches are: | migraines with aura-visual/neuro s/s that preceed migraine and migraine without aura |
| what are 4 subtypes of migraines? | opthalmoplegic, hemiplegic, aphasic, and retinal |
| combination of the different types (transformed migraines) | mixed migraine |
| pretty uncommon HA that affects more men and tend to occur in cluster over weeks or months, followed by a long HA free remission period | cluster HA |
| ___ s/s: miosis(pupil constriction), ptosis (eyelid dropping), eyelid edema, unilateral pain, facial sweating | cluster HA |
| most common HA | tension HA |
| ____ s/s: dull, ache, diffuse, nondescript, occuring at the hat band HA with no N/V | tension HA |
| peripheral nerves are affected by injury or disease---often intratractable and present after healing has occured | neuropathic pain |
| severe, breif, often repetitive attacks of lightening-like or throbbing pain that occurs along the spinal or crainal nerces and is precipitated by stimulation of the cutaneous regions of that nerve | neuralgia (neuro pain) |
| facial tics or grimaces...neuralgia on the face | trigeminal (neuro pain) |
| most common neuropathic pain that is the most severe and includes a stabbing, paroxysmal attacks of pain and usually unilateral | trigeminal (neuro pain) |
| neuropathic pain that persists as a complication of herpes zoster | postherpetic pain |
| chronic pain from crushing injury and does not respond to normal pain med | complex regional pain syndrome |
| imbalance in joint movement b/c of poor bite, teeth grinding, or jt pxs | TMJ temporomandibular joint syndrome |
Created by:
TayBay15
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