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Ch 5 Vocab

Medical Terminology Class, Chapter 5 Vocabulary

TermsDefinitions
absorption passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
amino acids building blocks of proteins, produced when proteins are digested
amylase enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
anus opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
appendix blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). It literally means hanging on.
bile digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall, probably because it had a bitter taste.
bilirubin pigment released by the liver in the bile
bowel intestine
canine teeth pointed, "dog tooth" , like canine teeth, next to (distal to) the incisors. Also ccalled cuspids or eyeteeth
cecum first part of the large intestine
colon large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum
common bile duct carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus
defecation elimination of the feces from the digestive tract through the rectum
deglutition swallowing
dentin major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
digestion breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
duodenum first part of the small intestine
elimination act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials
emulsification physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat
enamel hard, outermost layer of a tooth
enzyme a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances
esophagus tube connecting the throat to the stomach
fatty acids substances produced when fats are digested
feces solid wastes; stools
gallbladder small sac under the liver; stores bile
glucose simple sugar
glycogen starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
hydrochloric acid substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
ileum third part of the small intestine
incisor one of four front teeth in the dental arch
insulin hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
jejunum second part of the small intestine
lipase pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
liver large organ located in RUQ of the abdomen. It secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. Weighs about 2.5-3 lbs
lower esophageal sphincter (LES) ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter
mastication chewing
molar teeth the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
palate roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jaw bone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat
pancreas organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)
papillae (papilla) small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation
parotid gland salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
peristalsis rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other tubular structures
pharynx throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
portal vein large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
protease enzyme that digests protein
pulp soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
phloric sphincter ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum
phlorus distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
rectum last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
rugae ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
saliva digestive juice produced by salivary glands
salivary glands parotid,sublingual, and submandibular glands
sigmoid colon fourth and last S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
sphicter circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
stomach muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section)
triglycerides large fat molecules composed of three arts fatty acid and one part glycerol
uvula soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
villi (villus) microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
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