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TEST #4 Resp A&P
Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nasal passages, mouth and pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and brochioles | conducting airways |
| where gas exchange occurs | respiratory tissue |
| what controls breathing and gas exchange? | the nervous system |
| what are 2 things that conducting airways do? | warms, filters, moistens |
| lined with pseudostraitifed columnar epitheluim and contains mucous producing goblet cells | mucocillary blanket |
| ____ is the best airway passage | nose |
| _____ can be impaired > risk for aspiration | swallowing |
| what are 3 conduction airways? | nasopharyneal airways, laryngotracheal airways, and tracheobronchial tree |
| supported by firm cartilage to prevent collapse, provides speech, and protects the lungs | laryngotracheal airways |
| provides speech (vocal folds) | larynx |
| protects the lungs (vestibular folds) | larynx |
| supported by cartilage and has pseudostratified epithelium gradually transitions into epithelium | tracheobronchial tree |
| contains heparin-producing cells and is a place for gas exchange | lungs |
| contains an apex and a base | lungs |
| what are the 2 parts of dual circulation? | pulmonary and bronchial |
| dilutes blood returning to the heart | bronchials |
| lines the thoracic cavity encasing the lungs and has the same function as the pericardial sac | pleura |
| atomopheric pressure is __ | oxygen |
| respiratory pressure is ____mm Hg | +15 |
| pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture (PO2) | partial pressure |
| is how saturated blood is with usable O | partial pressure |
| PO2 desired level is ___ | 92% |
| water vapor is affected by ____ | temperature not atmospheric pressure |
| ___ moves from an area of greater concentration to a lower concentration | gases (diffusion) |
| movement of air in and out of the lungs and depends on airway resistance, pressures, lung compliance | ventilation |
| principle muscle of inspiration | diaphram |
| what is the high concentration in the alveoli? blood? | alveoli: O2 blood: CO2 (acid) |
| the respiratory system is a ____ pressure system | negative |
| C3 - C5 | phrenic nerve |
| accessory muscles | intercostal muscles |
| > use of intercostal muscles results in ___ | respiratory distress; slong with nostril flaring |
| expiration is mostly ___ | passive |
| Why can we not hold our breath? | b/c CO2 can only be held in so long |
| alveoli are surrounded by ____ preventing them from collapsing | surfactant |
| when do the surfactant developed? | 26-28 weeks of gestation |
| amt of air moved in and out with a normal breath; -500ml | tidal volume |
| max amt of air that can be inspired over the Tidal volume | inspiratory reserve volume |
| max amt of air thay can be exhaled over Tidal volume | expiratory reserve volume |
| amt of air left in the lung after forced expiration; -1200ml; > with age; can ne measured with a spirometer | residual volume |
| IRV (inspriatory reserve volume) + TV (tidal volume) + ERV (expiratory resever volume | vital capacity |
| TV (tidal volume) + IRV (inspiratpry reserve volume) | inspiratory capacity |
| RV (residual volume) + ERV (expiratory reserve volume) | functional residual capacity |
| sum of all lung volume | total lung capacity |
| What are 5 constrictors? | norepinephrine, epinephrine, angiotensin II, acidemia, hypoxemia |
| What are 4 dilators? | acetylcholine, oxygen, Ca+ blockers, nitrates (NO) |
| measures all the volumes and capacity | pulmonary function tests |
| what are 3 pulmonary function tests? | max voluntary ventilation, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume |
| volume of air that a person can move in and out of the lungs during max effort for a specific time; measured in liters/minute | maximun voluntary ventilation |
| full inspiration followed by forced expiration | forced vital capacity |
| expiratory volume in a given time period | forced expiratory volume |
| amt of air that is exchanged in 1 minute; TV x Resp rate | minute volume/total ventilation |
| effort to move air | work of breathing |
| pulmonary gas exchange occurs through: (3) | ventilation, perfusion, diffusion |
| exchange b/t the atmosphere and lungs | pulmonary |
| exchange in the aveoli | alveolar |
| gas exchange in the respiratory system | ventilation |
| what is the best position for breathing? | sitting or standing bn/c organs are pulled by gravity giving the lungs more room to expand |
| flow of blood through the pulmonary capillaries, provides blood for gas exchange, filters all blood as it moves from the right to lef circulation, removes microthromboemboli, and reservoir for the LEFT side of the heart | perfusion |
| distributed of pulmonary bl flow is affected by position and gravity | perfusion |
| causes vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation leading to shuting from those hypoxic areas | hypoxia (perfusion) |
| prolonged hypoxia can lead to pulmonary HTN leading to RIGHT sided heart failure | hypoxia |
| movement of gases in the aveoli across the capillary membrane; affected by the pressure of gas across the membrane, surface area, & the thickness of membrane; > O2 can > pressure & diffusion; disease can damage lung tissue, < surface area, & > thickness | diffusion |
| air that must be removed with each breath but does not participate in gas exchange | dead air space |
| contained in the conducting airways | anatomical dead space |
| contained in the alveolar space; alveoli are ventilated but not perfused | alveolar dead space |
| the sum of the anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space; normally about the same as anatomical dead space, but > with lung disease | physiological dead space |
| blood moves from right to left circulation without getting oxygenated | shuting |
| ventilation and perfusion mismatch; not enough O2 brought in to meet needs; occurs with lung DX and HF | physiological |
| blood moves from the venous to artierak side of circulation without going through the lungs; occurs with congential heart defects | anatomical |
| main carrier of O2 | Hgb |
| normally, the removal of CO2 is the _______-- | drive for breathing |
| what determines teh amt of gas that can be dissolved in plasma? | solubility of the gas and the partial pressure of gas |
| both ____ and ___ are dissolved in plasma | O2 and CO2 |
| transported in chemical combination with Hgb and dissolved state (PO2) | O2 |
| What does O2 saturation measure? | how much of the available Hgb is carrying O2 |
| Why can the O2 saturation measure be deceiving? | b/c with anemia there are less Hgb, but they may all be carrying O2......s/s of hypoxia must be considered |
| dissolved O2 is only ____ oa all transported O2 | 1% |
| What can effect Hgb's O2 affinity? (3) | pH, CO2 levels, and temp |
| Hgb's ability to saturate and release O2 | O2-Hgb dissociation |
| describes the relationship b/t O2 carried in combination with Hgb and PO2 | O2-Hgb dissociation curve |
| dissolved O2 or partial pressure of O2 | PO2 |
| amt of O2 that is carried by Hgb | Hgb saturation |
| O2 content of the blood determines ______ | the amt of O2 delivered to the tissue |
| binding of O2 by Hgb | Flat Top |
| represents O2s release into the tissue | Steep Portion |
| the effect that O2 saturation has on the affinity of Hgb for O2 | S Shape |
| Hgb is approximately 98% sat; > PO2 past this level will not make the Hgb more sat | Plateau |
| Hgb ability to pick up O2 and then to let it go | O2-Hgb dissciation curve |
| tissue PO2 is > Hgb sat; < Hgb affinity for O2; fever, acidosis, high altitude, heart failure, severe anemia | Shift to the Right |
| enhanced affinity to O2; < tissue metabolism, alkalosis, < temp, < CO2 levels | Shift to the Left |
| What are 3 forms of CO2 transport? | dissolved (10%), attached to Hgb (30%), bicarb (60%) |
| byproduct of cellular respiration | CO2 transport |
| has a role in acid-base balance | CO2 |
| respiratory center with both a inspiratory area and an expiratory area | medulla |
| an automatic breathing controls | chemoreceptors, lung receptors |
| monitor blood O2, CO2, and pH to adjust ventilation; central and peripheral | chemoreceptors |
| senses the amount of O2 and CO2 present | chemoreceptors |
| monitor breathing pattern and lung function; stretch (conduction airways-sense pressure), irritant (epithelial level-sense irritants), and juxtacapillary (alveoli-sense congestion) | lunf receptors |
| speaking, blowing, and singing are _____ processes of breathing control | voluntary |
| neural mediated and protective reflex | cough reflex |
Created by:
TayBay15
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