click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BNS
Chapter 25
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What are the non-electrolytes? | amino acids (proteins), glucose, fatty acids |
What are the major electrolytes? | sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, chloride, bicarbonate |
Ions with a positive charge are called? | cations |
Ions with a negative charge are called? | anions |
How much of the body's weight is water? | Over half |
Hypervolemia? | excess of fluid volume present in the body |
Hypovolemia? | deficiency of fluid volume present in the body |
Hyponatremia | a deficit of sodium in the blood |
Hypernatremia | an excess of sodium in the blood |
Hypokalemia | when blood potassium levels drop below 3.5 mEq/L |
Hyperkalemia | when blood potassium levels rise above 5.0 mEq/L |
Respiratory acidosis | when carbon dioxide levels increase |
Metabolic acidosis | when an excessive loss of bicarbonate ions or increased production or retention of hydrogen ions occur |
Effects of acidosis | headache, lethargy, weakness, and confusion. |
Respiratory alkalosis | when carbon dioxide levels decrease, such in the case of hyperventilation |
Metabolic alkalosis | excess of bicarbonate ions or release of hydrogen ions, can be caused by loss of hydrochloric acid from vomiting or hypokalemia |
effects of alkalosis | restlessness, muscle twitching, tingling and numbness of fingers, if progresses can cause tetany, seizures and coma. |
characteristics of tetany | severe muscle cramps, carpopedal spasms, laryngeal spasms, and stridor |
Using weight to assess fluid balance | A gain or loss of 2.2 lb (1 kg) in 24 hours indicates a gain or loss of 1 L of fluid |
Expected urine output: | 1000 - 1500 mL/day, report less than 700 mL/day or less than 30 mL/hr |