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Cell 1 Notes
Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane | Three major components of eukaryotic cells |
| consist of water, proteins, lipids, carbohtdrates, and electrolytes | protoplasm |
| contains chromatin and nucleolus, has at least one per cell, is the control center, contains the genetic code and has the nucleoli | nucleus |
| place for cells work, it contains water, electrolytes, suspended protein, neutral fats, and glycogen; it also contains the organelles | cytoplasm |
| site for protein synthesis, small particles of nucleoproteins, and may be attached to ER or be free | Ribosomes |
| is the matrix of paried membranes and vesicles; is a tubular communication system, and it the place where metaboic activity occurs | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| produces proteins for membrance and lysosomal enzymes | rough ER |
| has lipid, lipoprotein, nad steroid synthesis; regulation of intracellular Ca, metabolism, and detoxification of hormones and drugs | smooth ER |
| functions with the ER and modifies and packages substances | golgi apparatus |
| it breaks down cell products and foreign bodies to be used again; tay-sachs | lysosomes |
| contains free radicals | peroxisomes |
| is the power plant; aerobic metabolism- ATP; a number in a given cell varies depending on the cell's energy needs; contains own DNA and ribosomes | mitochondria |
| cilia, flagella, centrioles | part of microtubules |
| hair like processess and theyh aid in movement | cilia and flagella |
| are barrel-shaped bodies that aid in chromosomal division | centrioles |
| threadlike structure | microfilament |
| is semi-permeable, contains receptors, involves electrical conduction, regulates cell growth and proliferation, has a lipid bilayer, proteins and glycocalyx | cell membrane |
| open and close ion channels; activates G protein-linked signals, and activates enzyme-linked cell function | membrane receptors |
| breakdown | catabolism |
| building up | anabolism |
| carrier of cellular energy | ATP |
| anaerobic and aerobic | two types of energy production |
| without O2 | anaerobic |
| turning glucose into energy | glycolysis |
| with O2 | aerobic |
| Kreb Cycle | example of aerobic |
| diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion | passive cellular transport |
| primary, secondary (cotransport, countertransport) | active cellular transport |
| pinocytosis, phagocytosis | endocytosis |
| nongated, gated (voltage and ligand) | ion channels |
| ion-channel linked, G-protein linked, enzyme linked, and messenger mediated | cell membrane receptors (4) |
| oppositely charges ions working together | electrical membrane potentials |
| resting, depolarization, repolarization | action membrance potentials (3) |
| no impulses | resting action potential |
| inflow of Na | depolarization action potential |
| resting is reestablishes | repolarization action potential |
| decrease cell function | cell injury |
| repairs injury | healing |
| cells or system reacts to restore normal function | adaptation |
| you can detect or measure | signs |
| the client can feel | symptoms |
| as injury, adaptation, and counterattacks act as new stressors | complications |
| cells and systems react to reduce or remove the stressor | counterattack |
| cellular swelling due to water accumulation; the results from a problem with the NaK pump; all the cellular structures also swell leading to in increase in organ size (megaly) | hydropic swelling |
| swelling leading to an increase in organ size | megaly |
| build up of subtances that may be permanent or temporary, harmful or toxic | intracelluar accumulation |
| normal body, abnoramal endogenous, and exogenous substances | intracellular accumulation substances (3) |
| < workload (disease state) < the size of organelles, which then < energy usage, which can > efficiency or < functionality in the diseased state | atrophy |
| > worklad (disease state) > size and # of organelles, which > contractility, which > ability to meet demands or < functionality in disease state | hypertrophy |
| > workload (physiological state) > rate of cell division and > tissuse size and # of cells, which > functionality, which > ability to meet demands | hyperplasia |
| compensatory and hormonal | two types of hyperplasia |
| pathological, has normal cells that are replaced with abnormal cells (ex. cigarette smoking) | metaplasia |
| pathological, has normal cells and are mutated into abnormal shaped and sized cells of the epithelial tissue | dysplasia |
| most diseases start with this, it can be reversible to a point, and the normal states (it is well balanced with cell renrewal) | cell injury |
| physical agents, chemical, radiation, biological agents, nutritional imbalances | causes of cell injury (5) |
| mechanical forces, extreme temp, electrial | physical agents of cell injury (3) |
| poisonings and drugs | chemical agents of cell injury (2) |
| ionizing, ultraviolet, and nonioniziong | radiation agents of cell injury (3) |
| free radical and hypoxic | mechanism of cell injury (2) |
| lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification, and DNA alterations | effects of free radicals of injury (3) |
| molecules with an extra electron | free radicals |
| energy generation, protein and lipid breakdown | cell metabolism |
| cell metabolism, inflammation, smoke, pollutants, radiation | causes of free radicals (5) |
| damaged membrane lipids, damaged DNA, and damaged proteins | results of free radicals (3) |
| membrane organelles break or leak | damage membrane lipids |
| mutations are a result of __ | damaged DNA |
| cell death or cell transformation, malignancies | mutations |
| disrupts enzyme function | damage proteins |
| either > anaerobic metabolism or < aerobic metabolism | hypoxia |
| "programmed suicide" | apoptosis |
| normal to process of cells replacement and development | apoptosis |
| apoptosis | physiological cell death |
| endometrial sloughing during menstuation and induced apoptosis during immune response | examples of apoptosis / physiological cell death |
| pathological cell death involoving coagulation, liquefaction, caseous, and fatty | necrotic cell death |
| gelatinous, transparent protein--> firm and opaque | coagulation |
| brain and neurons--> walled off liquid goo | liquefaction |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis--> "cased"- off chesse globules | caseous |
| breast and panreas--> opaque, chalky, soapy | fatty |
| caused by severe hypoxic injury | gangrene |
| dry gangrene | coagulative |
| wet gangrene | liquefactive |
| gas gangrene | clostridium which effects tissues along with cells b/c gas is released into tissue |
| extrinsic vs intrinsic, somatic mutation theory, free radical theory, error theory, neuroendocrine theories, programmed senescence theory | cellular aging theories (6) |
| exposure to background radiation speeds up the aging | somatic mutation theory |
| increased metabloic rates speeds up agin | free radical theory |
| random errors in translation eventually leads to cell death | error theory |
| internal time clock (hypothalic-pitutary system or clock genes) | neuroendocrine theories |
| chromosomes shorten each cell division | programmed senescence theory |
| death of an organism that involves the absence of respirationa dn heartbeat, the body temp falls, the skin becomes pale, the blood and body fluids accumulate in dependant areas, and rigor mortis | somatic death |
| growth in number | proliferation |
| what type of active transport is a Na K pump? | Countertransport |
| ions come to membrane and jump over | depolarization |
| this type of cell injury travels and damages everything in its path from start to finish | electrical agents |
| lack of oxygen for whatever reason | hypoxic |
| Ca releases and muscles tense | rigor mortis |
| slows all systems down in the body except GI track, which increases | parasympathetic |
| speeds all systems in the body up except the GI track, which slows down | sympathetic |
| codes for protein and is a section of genetic material | operon |
| codes for traits | codon |
| looks different than codons, but codes the same | synonyms |
| sex cells | germ cells |
| all cells in the body other than sex cells | somatic cells |
| shifting of ions | coupling |
| how much of a gene is needed to create a probelm within the body | doseage studies |
| cellular therapy | cytogenetics |
| change DNA through viruses or stem cells | gene therapy |
| what is the normal cause of death of Marfan's disorder? | the arch of the aorta weakens and eventually blows |
| brown birth spots | cafe'-au-lait spots |
| most common autosomal recessive disorder | PKU |
| leading cause of MR | down's syndrome |
| 2nd leading cause of MR | fragile X syndrome |
| when food can't get through the pyloric sphincter | pyloric stenosis |
| fluid acculmation | edema |
| most curable cancer | testicular |
| blood tumor | hematologic |
| TNM | tumor node metasis |
| treat symptoms | palliative |
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TayBay15
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