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Freshman drugs

Various drugs

QuestionAnswer
Bacteriostatic inhibit growth
bacteriocidal kills organism
Antibiotics are either bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal depending upon their dose (lower bacteriostatic, higher bacteriostatic)
Organisms Sensitive means that antibiotics affect them (S)
Organisms resistant means that antibiotics have no effect (R)
When a person has a infection what is the first thing the physician will do? Order a culture and sensitivity
What does the physician do after he order a culture and sensitivity? Use a broad specturm antibiotic until the culture comes back
What does the physician do when the culture comes back identifying the organism? He may use a narrow spectrum antibiotic to specifically target organism
What are the 3 main adverse reactions to antibiotics? 1.) Hypersensitivity (allergic rxn) 2.) Superinfection (oppornustic organism moves in due to decreased flora (Mostly broad spectrum) 3.) Organ toxicity (Liver and Kidney)
What would the physican do to try to prevent a superinfection with antibiotic use? Superinfections are less common if antibiotic is given in less than one week
-cillins penicillins
How long are penicillins usually given? 7-10 days
A penicillin is injected deep into the muscle, what does this do? Thick bump on your backside
All oral suspensions, and IM reconstitutes, and IM suspensions regarding penicillins need to be Shaken well
How do you administer penicillins? PO 1 hour before or 1-2 hours after meals (doesn't absorb well with food)
What do you give with penicillins? A full glass of water to help prevent GI upset
What are the most common rxns. with penicillins? NVD
Cef cephalosporins
Ceph cephalosporins
What drug has a cross rxn with penicillins and should not be taken if this is the case? cephalosporins
What is the major toxic-adverse effect of cephalosporins Nephrotoxic (Kidneys)
-cycline tetracyclines
What drug do we not take with antacids, iron, or dairy products (causes meds. to bind to it Tetracyclines
What drug is teratogenic in the 1st trimester causing birth defects? Tetracyclines
What drug is teratogenic in the last trimester causing yellow teeth? Tetracyclines
What drug shouldn't be give to children <8 years old due to teeth discoloration? Tetracyclines
What drug decreases oral contraceptives effectiveness and you could get pregnant while on them? Tetracyclines
What drug becomes toxic if outdated (you need to throw them out) Tetracyclines
What drug can cause hepatoxicity? Tetracyclines
Cloxacillin (Tegopen) Penicillin
cefazolin sodium (Kefzol) 1st generation cephalosporin
Sulfi Sulfonamides
Sulfa Sulfonamides
-zole Sulfonamides
-zine Sulfonamides
sulfisoxizole (Gantrisin) Sulfonamides
What antibiotic is not used much anymore? Sulfonamides
What antibiotic is used for Urinary infections and Ear infections? Sulfonamides
What drug must have increased water intake because it is cleared through the kidneys? Sulfonamides
What completely distroys viruses? Betadine
-vir Antivirals
Do viruses really go away even if you take antivirals? NO, they become dormant
Concentrated antibiodies that are used for Rabies and Varicella? Immunogloublins
What attacks the virus itself Immunogloublins
This nonspecific antiviral given in a shot works inside of us to fight off viruses. Can also increase your own immune system? Human Gammaglobulin
What are the two classes of antivirals? Antivirals and Antiretrovirals
Specific for HIV Antiretrovirals
Distroys viruses of all kinds Antivirals
What causes impaired viral replication, decreasing the viurs but not 100%, the virus becomes a part of us (chicken pox at 8, shingles at 80), it becomes dormant. Antivirals
Drug that allows patients own immune system to work with it Antivirals
What is a coctail of antiretrovirals and antivirals that delay the progression and action of what virus? HIV
When are antivirals most effectiv? When the virus is replicating
What is the downside to antivirals? The only work when the virus is replicating. Signs and symptoms usually only show up After replication leaving the drug less effective
Topical antivirals cause what on the patients skin? Burning (educate patient not to remove from wound, the burn will go away)
acyclovir (Zovirax) Antiviral for herpes 1 & 2
What class of drugs can cause tolerence (have to take more) and dependence? Opioid Narcotics
What are the adverse reactions to opioid narcotics? Nausea, vomiting, constipation
What does the nurse need to watch with narcotic opioids? Respirations <12 withhold and call doctor
What is a sign of overdose that a nurse can note becides decreased respirations? pinpoint pupils
What is the overdose antagonist (antidote) for opioids? naloxone (Narcan)
What opioid is for Nonproductive cough and is also considered an antitussive? Codeine
What is an an antitussive that is used for nonproductive cough and is administered PO? Vicodin
what is hydrocodone/tylenol? Vicodin
What class is vicodin in? Opioid narcotic
What is the advantage of taking Vicodin? The tylenol decreases the amount of narcotic opioid in the drug
What opioid derived drug stops diarrhea by its adverse effect of constipation? Lomotial
What is the advantage of non-narcotic opioids versus narcotic opioids? Not abbused as much and not as much dependence on the drug
What are 3 classes of stimulants? Amphetamines, Amphetamine likes, Analeptic
These are considered uppers that are antrexicants (appetite suppression)? Amphetamines
What is the downside to using amphetamines? Cause dependence, increase HR, and BP
What is an amphetamine like drug that treats both narcolepsy and ADHD? Ritilian
What drug causes paradoxal affects (calms children) Ritilian (amphetamine like drugs)... they stimulate adults
What is an analeptic? caffiene (stimulant)
What are the drugs of Anticonvulsants? BARB, HYDANTIOINS, BENZODIZAPAMS, Valproic Acid, Gabapentins
A sedative/hypnotic anticonvulsant (dose dependent) phenobarbital
-toin hydantions
phenytoin Dilantin
What drug do you need to provide good oral care with to combat gum hyperplasia, an anticonvulsant? phenytoin (Dilantin) a hydantion
What drug must must must have serum levels monitored? hydantions, phenytoin (Dilantin)
This drug is used with an IV in an anticonvulsant emergency situation Benzodizapams
What two benzodizapams are used in status epilepticus (emergency situations) Vailum, Kolopin (benzodizapams)
Valproic Acid for anticonvulsants is also called Depakote, Depakene
What anticonvulsant do you not drink milk with? Depakote, Depakene (Valproic Acid)
What organ does toxicity of valproic acid (Depakote) affect? Liver... Hepatoxic
What drug mellows the elder? gabapentins (Nurontin).. an anticonvulsant
These sedative/hypnotics are dose dependent and can cause dependence; are also anticonvulsants barbs, Phenobarbital most common
What are the CNS depressants? sedative/hypnotics, benzodiazepams, non-benzodiazepams, analgesics, anticonvulsants, muskloskeletal, narcotic opioids
These drugs are minor tranquillizers Benzodiazepams
These drugs are anxiolytics Benzodiazepams (cut out anxiety)
What CNS depressants relieve pain? Analgesics
Antipyretic, Antiinflammatory, Antiplatelet, Analgesic Salicylates (aspirin)
Decrease dose for platelet aggregation properties to prevent CVA, TIA, MI salicylates (aspirin)
Causes horrible GI distress salicylates (aspirin)
Do not give this to patients with ulcers unless EC salicylates (aspirin)
Do not give this to children <12 due to Reyes Syndrome salicylates (aspirin)
Toxicity of this drug is Tinnitis salicylates (aspirin)
What drug is a non-salicylate? acetaminophen (Tylenol)
This drug doesnt cause GI distress, or Reyes syndrom acetaminophen (Tylenol)
This drug is NOT antiplatelet, antiinflammatory acetaminophen (Tylenol)
non-salicylate Tylenol doesn't have many side effects but if pt become toxic this can happen Hepatotoxic (liver)
What are the three musclskeletal drugs that are CNS depressants? NSAIDs, Relaxants, Antiparkinsons
NSAIDs consists of what drug when relieving muscles? salicylates, non-salicylates
Give an example of a non-salicylate Ibuprofen
This drug is not an antiplatelet, but adverse effect is prolonged bleeding Ibuprofen (non-salicylate)
If you have an allergy to aspirin, what drug would you not want to take? Ibprophen
These drugs act on the CNS (depressants) and many of them cause sedation Skeletal muscle relaxants
These drugs can lead to death if taken with alcohol Skeletal muscle relaxants
What drug do you have to tell patients that it is not a cure, but only controls symptoms Antiparkinson drug taking patients
This drug causes orthostatic hypotension, psyc. problems (depression, confusion, psycho. behavior) Levodopa
What drugs do you not want to take multivitamins with because vitamin B6 cancels it out)? Levodopa
What is the combination of Levodopa and carbodopa to help Levodopa enter the brain faster? Sinemet
What are the three GI drugs? Antacids, Laxatives, Antidiarrheals, Emetics, Histamine H2 receptors Antagonist
What drug decreases GI motility which slows down gut? Lomotil (opioiate activity)
What drug is an adsorbant that binds to diarrhea making it more solid Kaopectate
What antidirrheal is actually an organism that increases the normal flora? Lactobacillus
Ipacac makes you puke up what ever you took in that shouldn't be there (except for corrosives), this is considered an Emetic
These drugs reduce ulcers by blocking hydrochloric acid by blocking H Tagamet
These drugs are for the treatment of ulcers and GERD Tagamet, Pepsid
What decreases the effectiveness of Tagamet? smoking
What are the 5 cardiovascular drugs? Cardiac Glycosides, B-blockers, Ca channel blockers, Nitrates, ACE inhibitors
These drugs treat CHF by increaseing force of contration, and decreaseing HR Cardiac Glycosides (Digoxin)
What does cardiac glycosides make better by increasing the force of contaction and decreasing the HR? Better cardiac output
What drug starts with a large 1st does (loding dose) to get serum levels up. (Dose may by 0.75 mg 1x only Digoxin
What is the typical dose of Digoxin once drug is established? 0.25 mg/day
What do we want to monitor when taking Digoxin? serum checked daily in hospital, then weekly then monthly: Hold drug if BP is <60 and call physician for instructions
The toxic effects of this drug are: headache, visual disturbances (yellowing, spots, floaters), anorexia, nausea, vomiting, confusion Digoxin (cardiac glycoside)
What do diuretics do to Digoxin? Toxicity increase due to the decrease of potassium
-olol b-blockers
-alol b-blockers
Antianginal, Antiarrhythmic, Antihypertensive b-blockers (pat thought they were good)
What do we need to monitor if a patient is taking propranolol (Inderal) b-blockers? <60 (withhold and notify physician),
A patient is Atenolol, what drug class does this belong to, and what does it do to the HR? b-blocker (-olol); decreases HR
This drug is antianginal, antiarrhythmic Ca channel blockers
-dipine Ca channel blockers
Niphedipine (Norvasc) Ca channel blockers
What do you intially do when a patient comes in with cardiac arrhythmias when you have Ca channel blockers? Give drug in IV form to get the rhythum, then go to PO (with most antiarrhythmics)
Coronary vasodilation treatment of CAD, Antianginal Nitrates (nitroglycerine)
This drug is sublingual and pt carries them and they have an immediate effect Nitrostat (nitrates)
Nitrostat works well on anginal pain, but what do you need to tell the patient? They will dilate other blood vessels causing headache, face flushing, BP drops (careful with hypotension). All goes away when drug reaches heart
What type of Nitro has less symptoms? Transdermal (wear gloves)
What type of substance does one avoid when taking nitrates due to vasoconstriciton that works against nitro? Tobacco
-pril ACE
Lisinopril ACE
What durg dilates periperal blood vessels Lisinopril
What needs to be normal when administering Lisinopril (ACE) Kideny functions
What will the -pril drugs do? Drops BP (Lisinopril; ACE)
1/3 of elders will develop cough with this drug Lisinopril (ACE)
What class of drugs are antiadrenergic (against stimulation; adrenline) Antihypertensives
Catapres is in what class Antihypertensives
chloronide HCL (Catapres) works on the CNS making a patient Drowsey and decrease BP
Antihypertensives warn patients about reading what The OTC labels, many are contraindicated with them
In the elderly Catapres can cause what in elderly? Postural hypotension
If you have a blood clot use Anticoagulants
How are anticoagulants administered? IV-->subq-->PO
What interferes with prothrombin-->thrombin? Heparin
What anticoagulant is not effective orally? Heparin
What is the preferred route of Heparin? subq
Why is Heparin administered IM not good? The muscle is too vascular you may get bleeding
What do you monitor with Heparin? PTT (partial thromboplatin time)
You are having an overdose of Heparin, what do you administer? Protime Sulfate
This drug only comes in subq Levenox (LMWH)
This drug is a preventative fore DVT and PE (example premature labor and have history of DVT) Levenox (LMWH)
This drug is used as a preventative given before joint and abdominal surgery to prevent post op complications like DVT Levenox (LMWH)
Is an ingredient in Decon, (rat poision) Coumadin
This drug interferes with synthesis of vitamin K in the clotting process Coumadin
Protime/INR are the ways to monitor this drug Coumadin
This is an oral anticoagulant Coumadin
What is the antidote for Coumadin? vitamin K
What can cancel out coumadin? Vitamin K, watch your greens
Plavix is what class Antiplatelet
What does Plavix prevent? MI, CVA, TIA
What are the two drugs that are antiplatelets Plavix, and aspirin
Antihistamines are used for Nasal allergies, seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis, allergic rxns., motion sickness
What is the overall effect of antihistamines dries you out
Dramanine patches are used for motions sickness
What are the adverse effects of antihistamines? drowsiness, CNS depression if taken with alcohol, narcotics or sedatives
Tylenol has what in it that can make you drowsy? Benadryl
A clinical sedative that makes you drowsey at bedtime and sometimes nauseated? Benadryl
What are the 6 respiratory drugs? Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antitussives, Expectorants, Bronchodilators
What drug constricts the nasal mucosa? Decongestants
What form of decongestant causes nasal rebound congestion? Nasal spray (Flonaise, Sudafed)
What supresses nonproductive cough? Antitussives
What is an example of an Antitussive that suppreses nonproductive cough? Codiene
guaifenesin (Mucinex) and iodinated glycerol, potassium iodide are all Expectorants
These drugs losen bronchial secretions for productive cough Expectorants
A patient should take what when taking expectorants? FlUID to help break up secretions
What are the 3 types of bronchodilators? Adrenergics (like adrenline), Xanthines, Glucocorticoids
Epinephrine is what Bronchodilator used in emergencies to open up passageways for asthma, allergies etc.
What happens when you use bronchodilators like Epinephrine? Increased BP, Increased P, pt may complain of palpitaitons
Albuterol is used in most patients for what? Bronchodilation
This bronchodilator effects the CNS and you need to watch the P and tachycardia Xanthines (bronchodilators)
-phylline bronchodilators
Theophyilline (Theo-Dur) bronchodilator/smooth muscle relaxant?
These are bronchodilators that are antiinflammatory in the ungs and bronchial passageways Glucocorticoids
-one Glucocorticoids
The long term effects are fluid retention, increased blood glucose, impaired immune response due to inflammatory effects Glucocorticoids
This is used short term PO when in danger with huge asthma for around 10 days Glucocorticoids
Prednisone, Cortisone, dexamthasone Glucocorticoids
What drug has less side effects when inhaled Glucocorticoids
These remove water and sodium from the body's ECF (most of them) Diuretics
A diuretic that reduces K, and Na Thiazides
-thiazide Thiazide diuretics
hydrochlorothiazide HCTZ a thiazide
These are used first as antihyptertensives Thiazide diuretics
These reduce K, but increase blood glucose Loop diuretics
If you are allergic to sulfa, you may be allergic to this Lasix
These diuretics are not very potent K sparing diuretics
What two diuretics are combo diuretics to balance K levels K sparing (Aldactone) and thiazide (HCTZ)
Aldactone K sparing diuretics
Aldactathiazide Combo of potassium spairng (Aldactone) and thiazide (HCTZ)
This diuretic is used to decrease ICP, acute renal failure by removing or pulling water out Osmotic diuretic
acetazolamide is Diamox Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitor
This diuretic is mild and reduces intraocular pressure because it is attracted to the eye; used before eye surgery acetazolamie (Dimaox)
What diuretic prevents brain expansion? Osmotic diuretic
What is the most important with OTCs Patient education due to drug interactions
Levodopa interacts with what OTC? B6
If you have HTN, what do you want to do with OTCs follow labels, as they can increase BP
OTCs should be used for short term, common minor illnesses
If symptoms continue for over a week what should the patient do? see a doctor
Do herbals have to prove their safety and effectiveness even though they are regulated by the government? NO
Are herbals harmless? NO they cause rxns. just like prescriptions
What can herbal topicals cause? Dermatitis, systemic (nephritis)
What is contraindicated with herbals? renal, liver, cardiac, platelet/clotting, CVA, cerebral bleeding, increase BP, ulcers or old GI bleed
Ginsing will do what? Increase BP
St. John's Wart will do what? Increase seizures
This herbal is antiplatelet, anticoagulant and interacts with NSAIDs, Salycilates, and hypoglycemic agents Garlic
Prempro HRT
What do you take with HRT to prevent GI upset? Food
If on HRT educate pt on monthly breast self exams, and report immediately any lumps, or bumps
What should the patient report immediately when taking HRT? breast lumps and bumps, or chest and leg pain (clots)
What two things can increase DVT with HRT? HRT and smoking
With HRT report a weight gain of 5 lbs/week; 2 lbs/24 hours increase
What can happen if a patient is out in the sun when taking HRT? sunburn, wear sunscreen
Does HRT prevent CAD and osteoperosis? Still not fully established
alendronate sodium Fosamax (biphophonates)
Who is osteoperosis more common in? Women
Biophosphonates (Fosamax) is given in what form? Oral
Fosamax is a non- estrogen, hormonal
Fosamax must be given when and with what? 1st thing in the morning, with a full glass of water, or it will eat the esophagus
How long do you have to stay upright when taking Fosamax of osteoperosis? 30 minutes after taking
What are the two drug types for osteoperosis? Calcintonin, Biphosphonates
The great thing about this drug for osteoperosis is that the forms are___, ____ and has Nasal Sprays, Injectables and has very few side effects
Miacalcin Calcintonin hormonal substitute for osteoperosis
What do we not give with nitrates because they can bottom out BP Viagra (sildenafil Citrate)
Caution this with CAD or heart issues Viagra (sildenafil citrate)
This is given to women with mestatic breast cancer to get rid of the estrogen feeding breast tissue Halotestin (fluoxymesterone)
This drug causes male characertistics because it is a male hormone, but used for women for breast cancer Halotestin
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